Perception of Climate Variability and Its Impact by Smallholders in Pastoral Systems of Abudwak District, Galmudug State, Somalia

it is true in all the regions of the country; there is no stable and reliable documented meteorological data for reasonable tracking of the climate change and variability. Thus, this study explores the perception of significant variability in climate and related impact on local livestock holders among smallholders in pastoral systems of Abudwak district, Somalia. We drew on empirical data obtained from pastoral communities surveys conducted in 4 villages, 169 pastoral associations. Using this data, this study analyses smallholders' perception of climate variability and its associated impact on local livelihood, and the effect of several household on perception. Respondents interviewed during the study period, however, believed that there has been significant variability in the rainfall and temperature patterns for the last twenty years and considered climate variability as a salient risk to their future livelihoods and economic development. Likewise, the general perception of the people is that both rainfall and temperature have highly been fluctuating for decades now became unpredictable with less rainfall in shorter duration and warmer temperature over year now than usual. Different levels of perception were expressed in terms of climate variability and the impact on traditional rain-fed. Age, education level, livestock holding, access to climate information and extension services significantly affected perception levels.

The Rate, Amplitude, and Duration of Outbursts from Class 0 Protostars in Orion

At least half of a protostar’s mass is accreted in the Class 0 phase, when the central protostar is deeply embedded in a dense, infalling envelope. We present the first systematic search for outbursts from Class 0 protostars in the Orion clouds. Using photometry from Spitzer/IRAC spanning 2004 to 2017, we detect three outbursts from Class 0 protostars with ≥2 mag changes at 3.6 or 4.5 μm. This is comparable to the magnitude change of a known protostellar FU Ori outburst. Two are newly detected bursts from the protostars HOPS 12 and 124. The number of detections implies that Class 0 protostars burst every 438 yr, with a 95% confidence interval of 161 to 1884 yr. Combining Spitzer and WISE/NEOWISE data spanning 2004–2019, we show that the bursts persist for more than nine years with significant variability during each burst. Finally, we use 19–100 μm photometry from SOFIA, Spitzer, and Herschel to measure the amplitudes of the bursts. Based on the burst interval, a duration of 15 yr, and the range of observed amplitudes, 3%–100% of the mass accretion during the Class 0 phase occurs during bursts. In total, we show that bursts from Class 0 protostars are as frequent, or even more frequent, than those from more evolved protostars. This is consistent with bursts being driven by instabilities in disks triggered by rapid mass infall. Furthermore, we find that bursts may be a significant, if not dominant, mode of mass accretion during the Class 0 phase.

Мультимодальность – мультимедийность – мультиканальность и др. Альтернативные формы передачи информации как проблема лингвистической теории и терминологии

Статья посвящена популярной в современной лингвистике проблеме мультимодальности, т.е. взаимодействию в рамках одного и того же дискурса разных способов кодирования информации – с использованием разных семиотических кодов. Авторы исходят из предпосылки, что суще- ствование альтернативных планов выражения сообщений обусловлено разнородностью их со- держания, а также имеющейся предрасположенностью типов содержания (семантического или прагматического) к определенному способу оформления. Мультимодальный подход рассматрива- ется в контексте медиатизации и технологизации социальной коммуникации. Авторы показывают значительную вариативность существующей в данной области терминологии, объясняют трудно- сти, связанные с употреблением некоторых терминов. Отдельный раздел статьи посвящен общей типологии модульной архитектоники сообщения, учитывающей (в качестве форм репрезентации смысла) разные уровни языковой организации сообщения, разные каналы, разные коды, разные медиаустройства, разные языки и разные (параллельные) сообщения. Multimodality – multimediality – multicanality etc. Alternative forms of the transmission of information as a problem of linguistic theory and terminology Summary: The article is devoted to the problem of multimodality, popular in modern linguistics and seen as an interaction within the same discourse of different methods of encoding and decoding information. The authors proceed from the premise that the existence of alternative plans of the expression of messages is due to the heterogeneity of their content, as well as the existing predisposition of the types of content (semantic or pragmatic) to a certain way of explication. The multimodal approach is considered in the context of the mediatization and technologization of social communication. The authors show a significant variability of the terminology in this area and explain the difficulties associated with the use of some terms. A separate section of the article is devoted to the general typology of modular message architectonics, which takes into account (as forms of meaning representation) different levels of the linguistic organization of a message, different channels, different codes, different media devices, different languages and different (parallel) messages.

Helicopter Flight Manoeuvre Statistics via ADS-B: An Initial Investigation Using the OpenSky Network

Significant challenges exist when defining the usage spectra of helicopter components due to the wide range of missions and manoeuvres flown by helicopters in-service. Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) trajectories provide a means of constructing helicopter flight manoeuvre statistics across entire in-service fleets. This paper explores the feasibility of characterising helicopter manoeuvres by applying rule-based algorithms to ADS-B trajectories from a fleet of twin-seat training helicopters. Despite challenges relating to low-altitude ADS-B coverage, a comprehensive set of flight manoeuvre statistics was generated, which highlighted that significant variability exists in helicopter flight manoeuvre occurrences. The generated statistics can also support validation activities concerning design usage spectra assumptions.

Detection of Gamma-rays from Protostellar Jet in the HH 80-81 System

Considering that the existence of relativistic particles in the protostellar jet has been confirmed by the detection of linearly polarized radioemission from the HH 80-81 jet, we search for gamma-rays from the HH 80-81 system using ten-year {\it Fermi}-LAT observations.A significant point-like $\gamma$-ray excess is found in the direction of the HH 80-81 system with Test-Statistic (TS) value $>$100, which is likely produced in the HH 80-81 jet. The $\gamma$-ray spectrum extends only to 1 GeV with a photon index of 3.5.No significant variability is found in the gamma-ray emission.It is discussed that the properties of HH 80-81 jet suffice for producing the observed $\gamma$-rays.

Investigation of Root Morphological Traits Using 2D-Imaging among Diverse Soybeans (Glycine max L.)

Roots are the most important plant organ for absorbing essential elements, such as water and nutrients for living. To develop new climate-resilient soybean cultivars, it is essential to know the variation in root morphological traits (RMT) among diverse soybean for selecting superior root attribute genotypes. However, information on root morphological characteristics is poorly understood due to difficulty in root data collection and visualization. Thus, to overcome this problem in root research, we used a 2-dimensional (2D) root image in identifying RMT among diverse soybeans in this research. We assessed RMT in the vegetative growth stage (V2) of 372 soybean cultivars propagated in polyvinyl chloride pipes. The phenotypic investigation revealed significant variability among the 372 soybean cultivars for RMT. In particular, RMT such as the average diameter (AD), surface area (SA), link average length (LAL), and link average diameter (LAD) showed significant variability. On the contrary RMT, as with total length (TL) and link average branching angle (LABA), did not show differences. Furthermore, in the distribution analysis, normal distribution was observed for all RMT; at the same time, difference was observed in the distribution curve depending on individual RMT. Thus, based on overall RMT analysis values, the top 5% and bottom 5% ranked genotypes were selected. Furthermore, genotypes that showed most consistent for overall RMT have ranked accordingly. This ultimately helps to identify four genotypes (IT 16538, IT 199127, IT 165432, IT 165282) ranked in the highest 5%, whereas nine genotypes (IT 23305, IT 208266, IT 165208, IT 156289, IT 165405, IT 165019, IT 165839, IT 203565, IT 181034) ranked in the lowest 5% for RMT. Moreover, principal component analysis clustered cultivar 2, cultivar 160, and cultivar 274 into one group with high RMT values, and cultivar 335, cultivar 40, and cultivar 249 with low RMT values. The RMT correlation results revealed significantly positive TL and AD correlations with SA (r = 0.96) and LAD (r = 0.85), respectively. However, negative correlations (r = −0.43) were observed between TL and AD. Similarly, AD showed a negative correlation (r = −0.22) with SA. Thus, this result suggests that TL is a more vital factor than AD for determining SA compositions.

68. Comparison of Cardiovascular Risk Assessment Calculators in the US Military HIV Natural History Study

Background People living with HIV (PLHIV) have increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), however CVD risk assessment can be challenging as HIV-related factors are not included in most calculators. We compared CVD risk calculators in US Military HIV Natural History Study (NHS) participants. Methods The NHS database was screened for participants enrolled between 2009-2019 who were ≥ 40 years of age with no previous history of CVD or statin use. Of the 399 participants meeting criteria, 385 (96.5%) had available data to assess 3 CVD risk calculators: Atherosclerotic CVD risk calculator (ASCVD), Framingham Risk Calculator (FRC), and the Data Collection on Adverse Effects of Anti-HIV Drugs Study (DAD) risk calculator. Risk calculators were applied cross-sectionally at the first available time point at or after age 40 years and calculators were compared using a Wilcoxon signed rank test. Demographic and HIV-related characteristics were analyzed as independent variables. Results Participants were predominantly male (91.1%), mostly White (49.6%) or Black/African American (44.7%), and commonly had a history of tobacco use (38.9%). The mean age at HIV diagnosis and at CVD risk calculation was 33 and 41.8 years, respectively (Table 1). Overall, there was significant variability between calculators with mean scores of 3.66%, 2.50% and 1.38% for ASCVD, FRC, and DAD, respectively for all pairwise comparisons (p< 0.001; Table 2). When assessing those with CVD risk ≥ 7.5%, a clinically relevant threshold, the proportion of individuals with risk ≥ 7.5% varied for the ASCVD (10.4%), FRC (7.5%), and DAD (< 0.8%) calculators. Associations or trends toward higher CVD risk was observed among the various calculators for race/ethnicity and both age < 30 years and CD4 ≤ 350 cells/uL at HIV diagnosis (Table 2). Conclusion Since significant variability among CVD risk calculators was observed in the NHS cohort, it may be challenging to apply overall CVD risk calculators in a clinically relevant manner. HIV-related factors, such as duration of HIV infection and CD4 nadir, are not accounted for in CVD calculators and may be indicators of increased CVD risk. Future studies are warranted in order to determine the optimal clinical use of CVD risk calculators for PLHIV. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

SP2.2.15MRCS performance predicts surgical career outcomes

Aims Successful completion of the MRCS examination is mandatory for progression into higher surgical (registrar) training in the UK. National selection for training programmes is a highly competitive process. Despite this, the ranking of applicants does not currently include MRCS performance scores. This offers a unique opportunity to compare two independent assessments of surgical trainees to establish whether MRCS performance can predict future surgical career outcomes and competitiveness in training. Methods All UK candidates who attempted MRCS between 2007-2020 were matched to career outcome data using the GMC list of registered medical practitioners and anonymised (n = 2910). Chi-squared tests determined associations with first attempt MRCS pass/fail outcomes. Multinomial regression models were developed to establish the predictive power of success at MRCS in determining surgical specialty and training deanery choices. Results There was statistically significant variability in MRCS Part A pass rates, ranging from 55.1%-76.7% between surgical specialties (P = 0.001) but no significant variability in Part B pass rates (P = 0.655). There was significant variability in Part A and Part B pass rates between training deaneries (P = 0.010 and P = 0.036 respectively). Pass rates ranged from 59.9%-77.7% for Part A and 70.1%-85.0% for Part B between training deaneries. Those in more competitive specialties and training deaneries performed better in MRCS in terms of first attempt pass rate, scores and number of attempts taken to pass. Conclusion MRCS performance is an early predictor of surgical career choice and competitiveness. Trainees who perform well at MRCS are more likely to enter competitive surgical specialties and training deaneries.

Analyst Dividend Forecasts and Their Usefulness to Investors

In contrast to the disappearing dividends view prevalent in the literature, we document extensive dividend payments by firms and significant variability within firms and across 16 countries during 2000-2013. We predict that within-firm variability in dividends increases investor demand for forward-looking dividend information, and analysts respond by producing informative dividend forecasts. We find that analyst dividend forecasts are available for most dividend-paying firms and are more prevalent for firms with higher variability of dividends. Analyst dividend forecasts are more accurate than alternative proxies based on extrapolations of past dividends. Finally, dividend forecasts (i) are incrementally useful to investors beyond information in other fundamentals such as earnings and cash flow forecasts, (ii) help investors interpret earnings quality, and (iii) are associated with investors' portfolio allocation decisions.

Title: Comparison of Test-Retest Reliability of Pseudo-continuous Arterial Spin Labelling (pCASL) and BOLD fMRI in a Multi-Site Study

Background: The establishment of test-retest reliability and reproducibility (TRR) is an important part of validating any research tool, including functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The primary objective of this study is to investigate the reliability of pseudo-Continuous Arterial Spin Labeling (pCASL) and Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) fMRI data acquired across two different scanners in a sample of healthy adults. While single site/single scanner studies have shown acceptable repeatability, TRR of both in a practical multisite study occurring in two facilities spread out across the country with weeks to months between scans is critically needed.Methods: Ten subjects were imaged with similar 3T MRI scanners at the University of Pittsburgh and Massachusetts General Hospital. Finger-tapping and Resting-state data were acquired for both techniques. Analysis of the resting state data for functional connectivity was performed with the Functional Connectivity Toolbox, while analysis of the finger tapping data was accomplished with FSL. pCASL Blood flow data was generated using AST Toolbox. Activated areas and networks were identified via pre-defined atlases and dual-regression techniques. Analysis for TRR was conducted by comparing pCASL and BOLD images in terms of Intraclass correlation coefficients, Dice Similarity Coefficients, and repeated measures ANOVA.Results: Both BOLD and pCASL scans showed strong activation and correlation between the two locations for the finger tapping tasks. Functional connectivity analyses identified elements of the default mode network in all resting scans at both locations. Multivariate repeated measures ANOVA showed significant variability between subjects, but no significant variability for location. Global CBF was very similar between the two scanning locations, and repeated measures ANOVA showed no significant differences between the two scanning locations.Conclusions: The results of this study show that when similar scanner hardware and software is coupled with identical data analysis protocols, consistent and reproducible functional brain images can be acquired across sites. The variability seen in the activation maps is greater for pCASL versus BOLD images, as expected, however groups maps are remarkably similar despite the low number of subjects. This demonstrates that multi-site fMRI studies of task-based and resting state brain activity is feasible.