scholarly journals COVID 19 Dawn from Wuhan: “The Number Game”

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 564-568
Author(s):  
Sumit Chawla ◽  
Harinder Singh ◽  
Bharti Chawla
Keyword(s):  
Case Fatality ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Public Health Response ◽  
Expected Time ◽  
Hospitalization Rates ◽  
Health Response ◽  
Novel Virus

On 31st December 2019, China informed local WHO office of "cases of pneumonia of unknown etiology detected in Wuhan. As of 6th May 2020, there are nearly 3.6 million cases of corona virus infection and approximately 0.25 million deaths worldwide. The real-time data regarding the actual number of cases, as it originates from the epicenter is the key to the estimation of the case fatality rate, hospitalization rates, expected timeline of arrival of contagion, and other epidemiological data. The novel virus has no available literature pertaining to its epidemiological parameters, on which experts can base their estimates and hence the challenge in planning for epidemic management. Bolstering this challenge are the reports alleging under-reporting by Chinese authorities. Alleged toned down numbers could have led to erroneously low estimates contributing to inadequate public health response globally. We conducted a simulation on epidemiological model of COVID-19 to find out expected time off arrival of infections and mortality in different countries and compared this to actual data.

scholarly journals A Second Pandemic: Mental Health Spillover From the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19)

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 340-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristen R. Choi ◽  
MarySue V. Heilemann ◽  
Alex Fauer ◽  
Meredith Mead
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Mental Health ◽  
Health Systems ◽  
Nurse Leaders ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Public Health Response ◽  
Health Response ◽  
Mental Wellness ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Global Health Challenge

The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has created an unprecedented global health challenge. There is risk that the outbreak will create a “second pandemic” of mental health crises in health systems and communities. Thus, a comprehensive public health response to the pandemic must include (a) attention to the psychological aspects of hospitalization for patients, families, and staff affected by COVID-19; (b) planning for emergency and acute psychiatric patient care if hospitals become overwhelmed with COVID-19 patients; and (c) innovations for providing mental health care in communities while social distancing is required and health system resources are strained. Nurses and nurse leaders must anticipate these mental health challenges, assist with preparedness in health systems and communities, and advocate for a coordinated response to promote mental wellness and resilience.

scholarly journals The United Kingdom public health response to an imported laboratory confirmed case of a novel coronavirus in September 2012

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (40) ◽  
Author(s):  
R G Pebody ◽  
M A Chand ◽  
H L Thomas ◽  
H K Green ◽  
N L Boddington ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Disease ◽  
Fatal Case ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Public Health Response ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Health Response ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Severe Respiratory Illness ◽  
Close Contacts

On 22 September 2012, a novel coronavirus, very closely related to that from a fatal case in Saudi Arabia three months previously, was detected in a previously well adult transferred to intensive care in London from Qatar with severe respiratory illness. Strict respiratory isolation was instituted. Ten days after last exposure, none of 64 close contacts had developed severe disease, with 13 of 64 reporting mild respiratory symptoms. The novel coronavirus was not detected in 10 of 10 symptomatic contacts tested.

Epidemiology, Risk, Myths, Pharmacotherapeutic Management and Socio- economic Burden due to Novel COVID-19: A Recent Update

2021 ◽  
pp. 2308-2315
Author(s):  
Sarfaraz Ahmad ◽  
Ambreen Shoaib ◽  
Md. Sajid Ali ◽  
Md. Sarfaraz Alam ◽  
Nawazish Alam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Impact ◽  
Review Article ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Political Commitment ◽  
Public Health Response ◽  
Human Coronavirus ◽  
Single Drug ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Health Response ◽  
High Level

The novel human coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is the major pandemic throughout the globe and its occurrence is due to the presence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV2). That began from Wuhan, Hubei province of China in late 2019 and afterward drastically spread worldwide. It effects around 213 countries and territories around the globe and have reported a total of 8,128,490 confirmed cases of COVID-19. As an unprecedented global pandemic it sweeps the planet and affects each and every human being either physically, mentally or economically. The most common symptoms of COVID-19 are pyrexia, tiredness, and dry cough but in some cases it is asymptomatic. It can be diagnosed by a health care provider based on symptoms and confirmed through laboratory tests. Till date there is not even a single drug or vaccine that can be used for the effective treatment for this disease. The international community is to introduce a global synchronized strength to prevent the outbreak that needs a strong public health response, high level political commitment and sufficient funding. The aim of this review article is to summarise the recent state of awareness, epidemiology and social impact on surrounding due to outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic.

scholarly journals Incubation period as a clinical predictor of botulism: analysis of previous izushi-borne outbreaks in Hokkaido, Japan, from 1951 to 1965

2006 ◽  
Vol 135 (1) ◽  
pp. 126-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. NISHIURA
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Descriptive Epidemiology ◽  
Public Health Response ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Health Response ◽  
Incubation Periods ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Dose Dependent

This study investigated 21 foodborne type-E botulism outbreaks, without antitoxin administration, from 1951 to 1965 in Hokkaido, Japan, to characterize the descriptive epidemiology and evaluate the relationship between case fatality and incubation period. The median (25–75% quartile) attack rate and case fatality, which were evaluated by outbreak, were 58·3% (38·0–73·2) and 25·7% (0·1–50·0) respectively. Individual records of 64 diagnoses, including 31 deaths, were also examined using logistic regression analysis, revealing that a shorter incubation period is likely to result in a significantly higher risk of death (P=0·01). The observed case fatality was more than 50% for those who developed symptoms within the first 18 h after exposure, possibly reflecting underlying dose-dependent mechanisms. In the event of intentional contamination of food with botulinum toxin, rapidly determining the incubation periods may be critical for guiding public health response efforts.

scholarly journals Historical reconstruction of the community response, and related epidemiology, of a suspected biological weapon attack in Ningpo, Manchuria (1940)

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
James M Wilson ◽  
Mari Daniel
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Community Response ◽  
World War ◽  
Public Health Response ◽  
Health Response ◽  
Children And Young Adults ◽  
Imperial Japanese Army ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Effective Public Health

After the conclusion of World War II, members of the Imperial Japanese Army biological warfare Unit 731 testified to a Soviet military court they conducted a live test deployment of plague-infected fleas in Ningpo, Zhejiang Province, a city south of Shanghai with a population of approximately 300,000. The deployment triggered an outbreak involving 78 cases and 74 fatalities (case fatality rate 95%) that included the death of seven families. Children and young adults aged 11-30 were most severely effected. Despite lack of access to effective medical countermeasures, the Ningpo community exhibited a high degree of social cohesion and resilience in the context of effective public health response.

scholarly journals COVID Meets Volvo: The Swedish Public Health Approach to Coronavirus

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Binoy Kampmark
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
Public Health Approach ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Public Health Response ◽  
Swedish Model ◽  
Health Response ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Second Wave ◽  
Health Experts

Sweden has been considered both pioneer and pariah in regard to its approach to the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and its pandemic disease, COVID-19. While much of Europe went into economic hibernation and rigid lockdown in the first wave of novel coronavirus infections in the spring of 2020, Sweden kept its borders, bars, restaurants, schools, gyms etc. open. Organised children’s sporting arrangements were also encouraged, on the basis that socialising and physical activity outweighed the risks posed by COVID-19 to children. Public transportation could still be freely used. Masks were not worn. This paper examines the often controversial tenets of the Swedish public health response to COVID-19, and how widely it has appealed to public health experts and officials in Europe and beyond. Debates within the country are also discussed. What it shows is that, despite rising levels of infection in a second wave in Europe and concessions that it might have even failed, the Swedish model is being adopted by stealth and admired from afar.

scholarly journals Historical reconstruction of the community response, and related epidemiology, of a suspected biological weapon attack in Ningpo, Manchuria (1940)

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
James M Wilson ◽  
Mari Daniel
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Community Response ◽  
World War ◽  
Public Health Response ◽  
Health Response ◽  
Children And Young Adults ◽  
Imperial Japanese Army ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Effective Public Health

After the conclusion of World War II, members of the Imperial Japanese Army biological warfare Unit 731 testified to a Soviet military court they conducted a live test deployment of plague-infected fleas in Ningpo, Zhejiang Province, a city south of Shanghai with a population of approximately 300,000. The deployment triggered an outbreak involving 78 cases and 74 fatalities (case fatality rate 95%) that included the death of seven families. Children and young adults aged 11-30 were most severely effected. Despite lack of access to effective medical countermeasures, the Ningpo community exhibited a high degree of social cohesion and resilience in the context of effective public health response.

scholarly journals Epidemiology and public health response in early phase of COVID-19 pandemic, Veneto Region, Italy, 21 February to 2 April 2020

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (47) ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Russo ◽  
Gisella Pitter ◽  
Filippo Da Re ◽  
Michele Tonon ◽  
Francesco Avossa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Early Phase ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Case Finding ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Veneto Region ◽  
Public Health Response ◽  
The Public ◽  
Health Response ◽  
Italian Regions

Background Veneto was one of the Italian regions hit hardest by the early phase of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Aim This paper describes the public health response and epidemiology of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections in the Veneto Region from 21 February to 2 April 2020. Methods Information on the public health response was collected from regional health authorities’ official sources. Epidemiological data were extracted from a web-based regional surveillance system. The epidemic curve was represented by date of testing. Characteristics of hospitalised COVID-19 cases were described and compared to those never admitted to hospital. Age- and sex-stratified case-fatality ratios (CFRs) were calculated. Results Key elements of the regional public health response were thorough case-finding and contact tracing, home care for non-severe cases, creation of dedicated COVID-19 healthcare facilities and activation of sub-intensive care units for non-invasive ventilation. As at 2 April 2020, 91,345 individuals were tested for SARS-CoV-2 and 10,457 (11.4%) were positive. Testing and attack rates were 18.6 per 1,000 and 213.2 per 100,000 population, respectively. The epidemic peaked around 20 to 24 March, with case numbers declining thereafter. Hospitalised cases (n = 3,623; 34.6%) were older and more frequently male compared with never-hospitalised cases. The CFR was 5.6% overall, and was higher among males and people > 60 years of age. Conclusion In the Veneto Region, the strict social distancing measures imposed by the Italian government were supported by thorough case finding and contact tracing, as well as well-defined roles for different levels of care.

scholarly journals Open Letter on the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Committee’s A Framework for Equitable Allocation of Vaccine for the Novel Coronavirus

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle R Caunca ◽  
Haadiya Cheema ◽  
Jennifer Weuve ◽  
Eleanor J. Murray ◽  
Epidemiology COVID- Response Corps
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Science Communication ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Structural Racism ◽  
Major Step ◽  
Public Health Response ◽  
Racial Capitalism ◽  
Health Response ◽  
Equitable Allocation ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

This is a public comment on behalf of a group of epidemiologists, public health students, and public health practitioners for submission to the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Committee for A Framework for Equitable Allocation of Vaccine for the Novel Coronavirus. We believe that Equitable Vaccine Distribution is of the utmost importance as the next major step in COVID-19 response. The pandemic has disproportionately affected BIPOC populations by almost every measure--risk of infection, death, and economic toll--due to the structural racism and racial capitalism that underlies all major systems of American culture, including healthcare, public health response, resource allocation, and science communication.

scholarly journals Infection control measures in ophthalmology during the COVID-19 outbreak: A narrative review from an early experience in Italy

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 621-628 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniele Veritti ◽  
Valentina Sarao ◽  
Francesco Bandello ◽  
Paolo Lanzetta
Keyword(s):  
Control Measures ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Public Health Response ◽  
Healthcare Facilities ◽  
Infection Control Measures ◽  
Health Response ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Containment Measures ◽  
Eye Examination ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Introduction The novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is infecting people and spreading easily from person-to-person. Cases have been detected in most countries worldwide. Italy is one of the most affected countries as of 30 March 2020. Public health response includes a rapid reorganization of the Italian National Healthcare System in order to reduce transmission of COVID-19 within hospitals and healthcare facilities, while optimizing the assistance to patients with severe COVID-19 complications. Methods We analysed the actions that were taken in three ophthalmology centres in northern Italy during the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak and how these measures affected patient’s attendance. In addition, due to the rapidly evolving scenario, we reviewed the evidence available during the course of this pandemic. Results A full reorganization of ophthalmology services is mandatory according to current existing infection containment measures in order to continue dispensing urgent procedures without endangering the community with amplification of the diffusion chain. Ophthalmologists are considered at elevated risk of exposure when caring patients and vice versa, due to their close proximity during eye examination. High volumes of procedures typically generated by ophthalmologists with concurrent implications on the risk of infection are considered when re-assessing healthcare facilities reorganization. Conclusion Containment measures in the event of pandemic due to infective agents should be well known by healthcare professionals and promptly applied in order to mitigate the risk of nosocomial transmission and outbreak.

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