scholarly journals Historical reconstruction of the community response, and related epidemiology, of a suspected biological weapon attack in Ningpo, Manchuria (1940)

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
James M Wilson ◽  
Mari Daniel
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Community Response ◽  
World War ◽  
Public Health Response ◽  
Health Response ◽  
Children And Young Adults ◽  
Imperial Japanese Army ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Effective Public Health

After the conclusion of World War II, members of the Imperial Japanese Army biological warfare Unit 731 testified to a Soviet military court they conducted a live test deployment of plague-infected fleas in Ningpo, Zhejiang Province, a city south of Shanghai with a population of approximately 300,000. The deployment triggered an outbreak involving 78 cases and 74 fatalities (case fatality rate 95%) that included the death of seven families. Children and young adults aged 11-30 were most severely effected. Despite lack of access to effective medical countermeasures, the Ningpo community exhibited a high degree of social cohesion and resilience in the context of effective public health response.

scholarly journals Historical reconstruction of the community response, and related epidemiology, of a suspected biological weapon attack in Ningpo, Manchuria (1940)

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
James M Wilson ◽  
Mari Daniel
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Community Response ◽  
World War ◽  
Public Health Response ◽  
Health Response ◽  
Children And Young Adults ◽  
Imperial Japanese Army ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Effective Public Health

After the conclusion of World War II, members of the Imperial Japanese Army biological warfare Unit 731 testified to a Soviet military court they conducted a live test deployment of plague-infected fleas in Ningpo, Zhejiang Province, a city south of Shanghai with a population of approximately 300,000. The deployment triggered an outbreak involving 78 cases and 74 fatalities (case fatality rate 95%) that included the death of seven families. Children and young adults aged 11-30 were most severely effected. Despite lack of access to effective medical countermeasures, the Ningpo community exhibited a high degree of social cohesion and resilience in the context of effective public health response.

scholarly journals COVID 19 Dawn from Wuhan: “The Number Game”

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 564-568
Author(s):  
Sumit Chawla ◽  
Harinder Singh ◽  
Bharti Chawla
Keyword(s):  
Case Fatality ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Public Health Response ◽  
Expected Time ◽  
Hospitalization Rates ◽  
Health Response ◽  
Novel Virus

On 31st December 2019, China informed local WHO office of "cases of pneumonia of unknown etiology detected in Wuhan. As of 6th May 2020, there are nearly 3.6 million cases of corona virus infection and approximately 0.25 million deaths worldwide. The real-time data regarding the actual number of cases, as it originates from the epicenter is the key to the estimation of the case fatality rate, hospitalization rates, expected timeline of arrival of contagion, and other epidemiological data. The novel virus has no available literature pertaining to its epidemiological parameters, on which experts can base their estimates and hence the challenge in planning for epidemic management. Bolstering this challenge are the reports alleging under-reporting by Chinese authorities. Alleged toned down numbers could have led to erroneously low estimates contributing to inadequate public health response globally. We conducted a simulation on epidemiological model of COVID-19 to find out expected time off arrival of infections and mortality in different countries and compared this to actual data.

The New Federalists

Worldview ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 37-41
Author(s):  
Donald F. Keys
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Time Scales ◽  
World War ◽  
New Federalism ◽  
High Degree ◽  
First Time

The movement for a governed world has undergone a mutation recently and shows signs of again becoming an important factor in the intellectual and political worlds—for the first time since the early 1950's. The new federalism, or, if you like, neo-federalism, is no less idealistic than the old, but the time scales are different and the policies more pragmatic.Organizations and movements are not the same thing. The movement for a federated world really got under way immediately following World War II, and at first there was a high degree of congruency between the United World Federalists and the movement.

Global norms, domestic institutions and the transformation of immigration policy in Canada and the US

2010 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 169-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
TRIADAFILOS TRIADAFILOPOULOS
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Immigration Policy ◽  
Executive Branch ◽  
Immigration Policies ◽  
World War ◽  
Policy Regimes ◽  
The Us ◽  
The One ◽  
High Degree

AbstractThis article examines the liberalisation of immigration policy in Canada and the US in the post-World War II era. I argue that shifting norms pertaining to race, ethnicity, and human rights cast longstanding discriminatory policies in Canada and the US in a highly critical light. Opponents of racially discriminatory immigration policies exploited this shift in normative contexts to highlight the disjuncture between Canada and the US’ postwar commitments to liberal norms and human rights, on the one hand, and their extant policy regimes, on the other. The resulting pressure set in motion comparable processes of policy stretching and unravelling, which culminated in policy shifting in the mid-1960s. Policy shifting was, however, subject to very different political dynamics. Whereas Canada's institutional configuration granted the executive branch and bureaucracy a high degree of autonomy that enabled experimentation, the greater openness of the American political system led to a more politicised process, marked by compromises and deal-making. Thus while changing norms prompted the liberalisation of immigration policies in both countries, differences in their domestic political contexts resulted in very different admissions regimes.

It’s the Same, Only It’s Not: Perceptions of the Prescription Drug Market in Comparison With Other Illicit Drug Markets

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 393-408
Author(s):  
Jennifer Gatewood Owens ◽  
Michelle Smirnova
Keyword(s):  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Drug Market ◽  
The United States ◽  
Drug Markets ◽  
Rapid Rise ◽  
Public Health Response ◽  
Illicit Markets ◽  
Health Response ◽  
Effective Public Health ◽  
Prescription Drug Market

Given the rapid rise of prescription (Rx) opioid overdoses in the United States, it is crucial to understand how people acquire Rx drugs. Prior research suggests individuals obtain Rx drugs through both legal and illegal channels, but there has been limited qualitative research focused upon the intersections between Rx drug markets and other drug markets. To understand the similarities and differences, we interviewed 40 incarcerated women about their experiences with both markets. Based upon these conversations, we find that few women received pills exclusively through doctors and 90% of them had used illicit markets or informal social networks to acquire Rx drugs. Although there is extensive overlap between the users, dealers, and operations between Rx and illicit drug markets, these women draw attention to how certain agents, processes, and social reactions differ in meaningful ways that are crucial to an effective public health response.

Orthopedic Technology for the Elderly

1985 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Göran C. H. Bauer
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Elderly Patients ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Hip Surgery ◽  
World War ◽  
Very Old ◽  
Locomotor System ◽  
Children And Young Adults ◽  
Orthopedic Patients

The term orthopedics was introduced in 1741 by Nicolas André in Paris for “the Art of Prevention and Correction of Deformities in Children” and for 200 years orthopedic institutions were mainly concerned with locomotor problems in children and young adults. After World War II, however, the majority of orthopedic patients were not children. Devas (6) has coined the expression “geriatric orthopedics”, a semantic contradiction which highlights that we now face an increasing volume of elderly patients in whom the locomotor system causes severe problems. For example, in my own institution an orthopedic wing built in 1928 contained 135 beds, the majority of which were occupied by children. Today 10 beds suffice for our orthopedic children. Half of all orthopedic beds in Sweden are used for hip surgery in the very old.

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