A conceptual view of the act of testation to elucidate a testator’s intention in the South African law of succession: a proposed “act-based model” as opposed to the traditional “requirements model” (part 1)

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (3) ◽  
pp. 504-520
Author(s):  
J Faber

Die Suid-Afrikaanse erfreg, as deel van die privaatreg, spesifiek die vermoënsreg, opereer aan die hand van die subjektiewe regsleerbenadering en veral die inbegrepe beskikkingsbevoegdheid – as een van die inhoudsbevoegdhede – waaroor ’n regsubjek as die reghebbende van subjektiewe regte beskik. Die beskikkingsbevoegdheid word uitgeoefen aan die hand van ’n beskikkingshandeling – as regshandeling – wat moontlik is weens die uitoefening van die regsbevoegdhede waaroor regsubjekte beskik, vernaamlik die regsbevoegdheid en handelingsbevoegdheid. Op die gebied van die erfreg, deur enersyds die beskikkingshandeling te onderskei van ander handelinge en aangeleenthede wat inhoudelik in die testament mag voorkom (byvoorbeeld die herroepingshandeling) en andersyds te onderskei van ander handelinge in die testeerproses (byvoorbeeld die verlydingshandelinge ten einde aan die formaliteitsvereistes te voldoen) sal die begripsverwarring wat in die Suid-Afrikaanse erfreg heers, veral wat die testateur se bedoeling betref en gevolglik ook die begrip van ’n testament as sodanig, ten beste aangespreek word. Die testateur se bedoeling kan slegs teoreties korrek verklaar word aan die hand van ’n voorgestelde handelingsmodel ten opsigte van die deurlopende proses van testering ten einde te toon dat testateursbedoeling ’n saamgestelde, meersydige konsep is, wat meerdere bedoelingsvorme of bedoelingsfasette omvat. Die beskikkingsbedoeling byvoorbeeld, moet ten eerste gevorm word alvorens dit tot uiting kan kom in ’n wilsverklaring, as die tersake beskikkingshandeling. Die handelingsmodelbeskouing staan in teenstelling tot die tradisionele beskouing dat ’n testament die gevolg is van die eenmalige aanwesigheid van ’n aantal gestelde vereistes (die sogenaamde “vereistesmodel”). Ingevolge die handelingsmodel-beskouing is ’n testament die gevolg van ’n proses van testering wat die verrigting van spesifieke handelinge met bepaalde gepaardgaande bedoelingsvorme behels, wat deur verskeie partye verrig word ten einde ’n testament daar te stel. Die plek en rol van, sowel as die wisselwerking tussen, die onderskeie “vereistes” kan slegs teoreties korrek gekontekstualiseer word ooreenkomstig hierdie beskouing. Dit staan ’n bevoegde testateur vry om na keuse oor sy of haar bates te beskik aan die hand van die beginsel van testeervryheid. Die beskikking oor bates geskied by wyse van ’n testeerhandeling, as die tersake regshandeling in die erfreg. Ten einde te kwalifiseer as ’n testeerhandeling, word ’n volledige beskikkingshandeling vereis, in die sin dat al die elemente vir ’n testamentêre beskikking teenwoordig moet wees; sowel die nodige testeerbedoeling (animus testandi) as die bedoeling dat daar by die dood regtens aan die beskikking gevolg gegee moet word. In die testate erfreg word ’n skriftelike wilsuiting, soos beliggaam in ’n geldige testament, vereis. Die testeerhandeling – as die vergestalting van die beskikkingsbedoeling en testeerbedoeling (animus testandi) – laat die dokument wat dit beliggaam, as testament kwalifiseer. Hierdie prosesmatige beskouing – met die klem op die testeerhandeling eerder as op voldoening aan ’n reeks vereistes – bied ’n behoorlike verklaring van wat ’n testament is, klaar die huidige begripsverwarring met betrekking tot testateursbedoeling op en lê die grondslag vir die bekendstelling van ’n bedoelingsleerstuk in die Suid-Afrikaanse erfreg.

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-73
Author(s):  
Muneer Abduroaf

This paper analyses the right of Muslim adopted children to inherit from their deceased parents in terms of the laws of succession within the South African legal context. The status of adoption in South African and Islamic law is looked at first by way of an introduction. This is followed by looking at the rights of adopted Muslim children to inherit from their deceased parents (biological and adoptive) in terms of the South African and Islamic laws of intestate (compulsory) and then testate (optional) succession.1 The paper further looks at the possibility of applying relevant Islamic law of succession provisions applicable to enable adopted Muslim children to inherit from the estate of their deceased biological parents within the South African legal framework. The paper concludes with an analysis of the findings and makes a recommendation.


2007 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sindiso Mnisi

AbstractThis paper traces the relationship between state law and indigenous systems in South Africa from its incipience, and argues that living customary law has been systematically ignored or inaccurately applied. In it, I advocate a paradigm shift as being fundamental to developing the theories, methods and standards adopted in consideration of customary law. I use the law of succession as a vehicle for displaying the clash of state and customary law and, herewith, expound the process by which this tension came about. In conclusion, I argue that a paradigm shift allowing for customary law to be understood within its own functioning and value system, rather than in a manner imposing western notions of society, culture and progress is necessary. This will enable the reunion of the South African legal order and reincorporation of customary communities into the national project.


Obiter ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 122-135
Author(s):  
Muneer Abduroaf

This article investigates how the Islamic law of succession and administration of estates is applied in Singapore and South Africa with regard to the “Islamic will”. This kind of will includes a provision where the testator or testatrix states that his or her estate must be distributed in terms of the Islamic law of succession. This requires an Islamic law expert or an Islamic organisation to draft an Islamic distribution certificate stating who the beneficiaries of the person are. The distribution certificate is drafted after the testator or testatrix has died. An Islamic distribution certificate within the Singaporean context is specifically compared with one in the South African context. This article looks at whether features found in the Singaporean model can be applied to the South African context. An overview of the Muslim population in Singapore and South Africa is presented by way of introduction. This is followed by an examination of the constitutional and international obligations of the two countries in light of their equality provisions, and a comparative analysis of the Islamic law of succession and administration of estates in the two countries. The focus areas looked at are liability claims, testate succession claims and intestate succession claims. A brief analysis of the findings and concluding remarks are made at the end of the article.


Author(s):  
Fatima Osman

In pluralistic legal systems, the regulation of non-state law through statute carries the risks associated with codification; namely the ossification and distortion of law. This article examines the effects of statutory regulation on unwritten systems of law in the South African legal context. It argues that the constitutional recognition of customary law in South Africa has forced the state to legislate in this arena, the most notable enactments being the Recognition of Customary Marriages Act 120 of 1998 and the Reform of Customary Law of Succession and Regulation of Related Matters Act 11 of 2009. The enactments' attempt to align customary law with constitutional values have imported significant portions of the common law to regulate the customary law of marriage and succession. This has resulted in a distortion of customary law to reflect common law values and rules. Furthermore, it is argued that significant lacunae in the enactments have necessitated litigation and resulted in the judiciary playing a significant role in shaping customary law. Finally, despite the incorporation of living customary law into the enactments, the implementation thereof by courts and in practice has – and perhaps inevitably so – ossified and distorted portions of the law. Nonetheless, the article argues that legislation is critical to regulate customary law. It advocates that the shortcomings identified in the article are addressed to ensure a more accurate portrayal of customary law in legislation and the successful implementation thereof.


Obiter ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 396-409
Author(s):  
Muneer Abduroaf

Muslims have been living in South Africa for over 300 years. There are over 750 000 Muslims living in South Africa today. These persons constitute a minority religious group in a non-Muslim country. Muslims are required in terms of their religion to follow Islamic law. There has (to date) been no legislation enacted by the South African parliament that gives effect to Islamic law. South African Muslims can however make use of existing South African law provisions in order to apply certain Islamic laws within the South African context. This article looks at the practical application of the Islamic law of succession and administration of estates within the South African context by way of a fictitious scenario. It highlights some of the problem areas when a Muslim testator or testatrix bequeaths his or her estate in terms of Islamic law by means of a will (Islamic will).


Author(s):  
Anel Gildenhuys

The KwaZulu-Natal High Court, Durban, recently had the opportunity to interpret section 15(3)(b)(iii) of the Matrimonial Property Act 88 of 1984 within the context of the South African law of succession. This section states that: "A spouse shall not without the consent of the other spouse … receive any money due or accruing to that other spouse or the joint estate by way of … inheritance, legacy, donation, bursary or prize left, bequeathed, made or awarded to the other spouse." The question before the court was whether a person who is married in community of property requires the consent of his or her spouse in order to repudiate an intestate inheritance. The following aspects were considered by both the court a quo (Gounden v Master of the High Court [2015] JOL 32896 (KZD)) as well as the full bench on appeal (Govender v Gounden 2019 2 SA 262 (KZN)): the distinction between dies cedit and dies venit; the importance of this distinction in electing to either adiate or to repudiate an inheritance; and the implications for the joint estate of spouses married in community of property. The purpose of this contribution is to analyse and critically discuss the reasoning in the judgments in relation to these three aspects.


Obiter ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 126-135
Author(s):  
Muneer Abduroaf

This article analyses the right of a Muslim child born out of wedlock to inherit from his or her deceased parent in terms of the law of succession within the South African context. The status of the child in the South African and Islamic law of intestate succession is first investigated. Thereafter, the status of the child in the South African and Islamic law of testate succession is discussed. The article further looks at the possibility of applying the Islamic law of succession provisions concerning a Muslim child born out of wedlock to the distribution of a deceased estate within the South African legal framework. The article concludes with an analysis of the findings and makes recommendations.


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