scholarly journals Existence and Significance of Non-Autonomous Cancer Replication for Clinical Management of Cancer: Observations and Hints from Ovarian Cancer Cases

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Kangla Tsung ◽  
◽  
Zhang Xu ◽  
Zhang Hui ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Clinical Management ◽  
Cancer Recurrence ◽  
Staging System ◽  
Cancer Staging ◽  
Tnm Staging ◽  
Post Surgery ◽  
Tk Inhibitors ◽  
Molecular Signals

Cancer cells progress through replication. What has been puzzling to cancer surgeons and oncologists is not why cancer cells continue to grow, but why some of them do not grow steadily as expected and this behavior varies between cases and even between lesions in the same case. Our previous reports have addressed the issue of tight control of tumor progression by targeting only a minority part of cells in a tumor by targeted drugs such TK inhibitors in lung cancer. The reconciliation of this situation brought out the concepts of autonomous and non-autonomous tumor replication that divide the mode of cancer cell replication into two categories based on the source of molecular signals that drive tumor replication. This establishment of the mode of tumor replication is very useful for clinical management of cancer, especially critical for risk evaluation of post-surgery cancer recurrence in almost every case. In this report, we apply this concept in the analyses and management of two ovarian cancer cases to show that the mode of tumor replication is a new dimension in cancer staging on top of the current TNM staging system and aids individualized case assessment and management.

Colorectal Cancer

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cathy Eng
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Staging System ◽  
Occult Blood ◽  
Cancer Staging ◽  
The United States ◽  
Tnm Staging ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Fecal Occult Blood ◽  
Screening And Surveillance ◽  
Staging Systems

Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death in the United States. Although environmental factors, including diet and lifestyle, clearly play a role in the etiology of colorectal cancer, as many as 25% of patients with colorectal cancer have a family history of the disease, which suggests the involvement of a genetic factor. Inherited colon cancers can be divided into two main types: the well-studied but rare familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) syndrome, and the increasingly well-characterized, more common hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC, a.k.a. Lynch Syndrome). The prevention, screening, diagnosis, and treatment of cancers of the colon and rectum are covered in this chapter. Figures illustrate various forms of adenomatous polyps, the tumor, node, metastasis (TNM) staging system for colorectal cancer, and the five-year survival rate in patients with colorectal carcinoma. Tables describe risk factors; possible chemopreventive agents; evidence supporting the effectiveness of screening tests; features and usage issues with different fecal occult blood tests; recommendations for early detection, screening, and surveillance for patients at different levels of risk; colorectal cancer staging systems; indicators of poor prognosis; and chemotherapeutic and biologic agents in the treatment of colorectal cancer. This chapter contains 197 references.

Commonly Encountered Difficulties in Pathologic Staging of Lung Cancer

2007 ◽  
Vol 131 (7) ◽  
pp. 1016-1026
Author(s):  
Douglas B. Flieder
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Mediastinal Lymph Node ◽  
Staging System ◽  
Cancer Staging ◽  
Tnm Staging ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Lymph Node Sampling ◽  
Incurable Disease ◽  
Therapeutic Decisions ◽  
Tnm Staging System

Abstract Context.—Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Despite technological, therapeutic, and scientific advances, most patients present with incurable disease and a poor chance of long-term survival. For those with potentially curable disease, lung cancer staging greatly influences therapeutic decisions. Therefore, surgical pathologists determine many facets of lung cancer patient care. Objective.—To present the current lung cancer staging system and examine the importance of mediastinal lymph node sampling, and also to discuss particularly confusing and/or challenging areas in lung cancer staging, including assessment of visceral pleura invasion, bronchial and carinal involvement, and the staging of synchronous carcinomas. Data Sources.—Published current and prior staging manuals from the American Joint Committee on Cancer and the International Union Against Cancer as well as selected articles pertaining to lung cancer staging and diagnosis accessible through PubMed (National Library of Medicine) form the basis of this review. Conclusions.—Proper lung cancer staging requires more than a superficial appreciation of the staging system. Clinically relevant specimen gross examination and histologic review depend on a thorough understanding of the staging guidelines. Common sense is also required when one is confronted with a tumor specimen that defies easy assignment to the TNM staging system.

Colorectal Cancer

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cathy Eng
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Staging System ◽  
Occult Blood ◽  
Cancer Staging ◽  
The United States ◽  
Tnm Staging ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Fecal Occult Blood ◽  
Screening And Surveillance ◽  
Staging Systems

Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death in the United States. Although environmental factors, including diet and lifestyle, clearly play a role in the etiology of colorectal cancer, as many as 25% of patients with colorectal cancer have a family history of the disease, which suggests the involvement of a genetic factor. Inherited colon cancers can be divided into two main types: the well-studied but rare familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) syndrome, and the increasingly well-characterized, more common hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC, a.k.a. Lynch Syndrome). The prevention, screening, diagnosis, and treatment of cancers of the colon and rectum are covered in this chapter. Figures illustrate various forms of adenomatous polyps, the tumor, node, metastasis (TNM) staging system for colorectal cancer, and the five-year survival rate in patients with colorectal carcinoma. Tables describe risk factors; possible chemopreventive agents; evidence supporting the effectiveness of screening tests; features and usage issues with different fecal occult blood tests; recommendations for early detection, screening, and surveillance for patients at different levels of risk; colorectal cancer staging systems; indicators of poor prognosis; and chemotherapeutic and biologic agents in the treatment of colorectal cancer. This chapter contains 197 references.

Colorectal Cancer

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cathy Eng
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Staging System ◽  
Occult Blood ◽  
Cancer Staging ◽  
The United States ◽  
Tnm Staging ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Fecal Occult Blood ◽  
Screening And Surveillance ◽  
Staging Systems

Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death in the United States. Although environmental factors, including diet and lifestyle, clearly play a role in the etiology of colorectal cancer, as many as 25% of patients with colorectal cancer have a family history of the disease, which suggests the involvement of a genetic factor. Inherited colon cancers can be divided into two main types: the well-studied but rare familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) syndrome, and the increasingly well-characterized, more common hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC, a.k.a. Lynch Syndrome). The prevention, screening, diagnosis, and treatment of cancers of the colon and rectum are covered in this chapter. Figures illustrate various forms of adenomatous polyps, the tumor, node, metastasis (TNM) staging system for colorectal cancer, and the five-year survival rate in patients with colorectal carcinoma. Tables describe risk factors; possible chemopreventive agents; evidence supporting the effectiveness of screening tests; features and usage issues with different fecal occult blood tests; recommendations for early detection, screening, and surveillance for patients at different levels of risk; colorectal cancer staging systems; indicators of poor prognosis; and chemotherapeutic and biologic agents in the treatment of colorectal cancer. This chapter contains 197 references.

Lung Cancer Staging Essentials: The New TNM Staging System and Potential Imaging Pitfalls

Radiographics ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 1163-1181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stacy J. UyBico ◽  
Carol C. Wu ◽  
Robert D. Suh ◽  
Nanette H. Le ◽  
Kathleen Brown ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Staging System ◽  
Cancer Staging ◽  
Tnm Staging ◽  
Tnm Staging System ◽  
Imaging Pitfalls

scholarly journals Dilemmas in Lung Cancer Staging

2012 ◽  
Vol 136 (10) ◽  
pp. 1194-1197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanja Dacic
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Lymph Node ◽  
Prognostic Factor ◽  
Staging System ◽  
Cancer Staging ◽  
Tnm Staging ◽  
Synchronous Tumor ◽  
Lymph Node Sampling ◽  
Tnm Staging System ◽  
Pathologic Staging

The TNM staging system is the most important prognostic factor for lung cancer. The most encountered difficulties in pathologic staging of lung cancer include assessment of pleural invasion, synchronous tumor nodules, and lymph node sampling.

scholarly journals TNM 8th edition in thyroid cancer staging: is there an improvement in predicting recurrence?

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 325-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olimpia Alice Manzardo ◽  
Miriam Cellini ◽  
Rita Indirli ◽  
Alessia Dolci ◽  
Paolo Colombo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staging System ◽  
Cancer Staging ◽  
Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma ◽  
Tnm Staging ◽  
Response To Therapy ◽  
Therapeutic Decision ◽  
Tumour Classification ◽  
Tnm Staging System ◽  
Therapeutic Decision Making ◽  
8Th Edition

TNM 8th edition introduces changes in the staging of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC). This study aims at assessing the value of TNM 8th edition in predicting response to therapy and structural recurrence of DTC. Four hundred and eighty DTC patients were retrospectively evaluated by 7th and 8th editions of TNM staging system in relationship with risk stratification, response to therapy and recurrence of disease as defined by 2015 ATA guidelines. As compared to the 7th edition, TNM 8th led to downstage 136 patients (28.3%), with 97.5% of patients falling into lower stages (I–II) and only 2.5% remaining in higher stages (III–IV) (P < 0.001). Patients who were downstaged in stages I–II by TNM 8th were classified more frequently at intermediate-high risk (P < 0.001), had more frequently structural incomplete response to therapy (P = 0.009) and had higher risk of structural recurrence (P = 0.002) as compared to patients who were in the same TNM stages but were not downstaged. Specifically, the risk of structural recurrence was significantly higher in patients in whom the downstaging was induced by changes in tumour classification (hazard ratio (HR) 6.18, 95% CI 2.20–17.40; P = 0.001) but not in those who were downstaged for the increase in age cut-off (HR 2.80, 95% CI 0.86–9.19; P = 0.09). In conclusion, TNM 8th edition did not show reliability in predicting aggressiveness of DTC. In fact, the downstaging of DTC patients especially when performed due to changes in tumour classification may overlook patients predisposed to structural recurrence, potentially causing uncertainty in the therapeutic decision-making at the time of disease’s diagnosis.

scholarly journals Tumor infiltrating lymphocyte stratification of prognostic staging of early-stage triple negative breast cancer

2022 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sherene Loi ◽  
Roberto Salgado ◽  
Sylvia Adams ◽  
Giancarlo Pruneri ◽  
Prudence A. Francis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Triple Negative ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Staging System ◽  
Cancer Staging ◽  
Pooled Analysis ◽  
Tnm Staging ◽  
Adjuvant Setting ◽  
Ajcc Staging System ◽  
Ajcc Staging

AbstractThe importance of integrating biomarkers into the TNM staging has been emphasized in the 8th Edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) Staging system. In a pooled analysis of 2148 TNBC-patients in the adjuvant setting, TILs are found to strongly up and downstage traditional pathological-staging in the Pathological and Clinical Prognostic Stage Groups from the AJJC 8th edition Cancer Staging System. This suggest that clinical and research studies on TNBC should take TILs into account in addition to stage, as for example patients with stage II TNBC and high TILs have a better outcome than patients with stage I and low TILs.

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