Rethinking Value Chains

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World Trade Organization ◽  
World Bank ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
Production Processes ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Political Backlash

Today, production processes have become fragmented with a range of activities divided among firms and workers across borders. These global value chains are being strongly promoted by international organizations, such as the World Bank and the World Trade Organization, but social and political backlash is mounting in a growing variety of forms. This original volume brings together academics and activists from Europe to think creatively about the social and environmental imbalances of global production and how to reform the current economic system.

Defining Accountability Up: the Global Economic Multilaterals

2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miles Kahler
Keyword(s):  
World Trade Organization ◽  
World Bank ◽  
International Monetary Fund ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Democratic Accountability ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
National Governments ◽  
The International Monetary Fund

AbstractCritics of the global economic multilaterals (GEMs) – the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and the World Trade Organization – allege that these organizations fail the test of democratic accountability. Two distinct measures of democratic accountability have been applied to the GEMs. To the degree that these organizations display ‘accountability deficits’, those deficiencies are the result of choices by the most influential national governments. Three techniques have been deployed to enhance the accountability of the GEMs: transparency (more information for those outside the institution), competition (imitation of democratic accountability) and changes in rules of representation (accountability to stakeholders rather than shareholders). Each of these may impose costs, however, and may conflict with other valued aims of the organizations.

scholarly journals WTO आणि ग्रामीण विकासात कृषी

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
RAKSHIT MADAN BAGDE
Keyword(s):  
World Trade Organization ◽  
World Bank ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Structural Adjustment ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
The United States ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Government

By signing the WTO Agreement on January 1, 1995, India incorporated the agricultural sector into the process of globalization. In this regard, a secret agreement was reached between India and the United States on December 16, 1999, and India had to lift the numerical restrictions on its protected 715 agricultural commodities. The concept of globalization has been realized through the GATT Agreement, the Dunkel Proposal, the World Trade Organization, the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and the World Bank. Since the rules of TRIPS apply to living things, patents can be proposed for genes, cells, seeds, plants, and animals. According to the "Structural Adjustment Program" launched by the World Trade Organization (WTO), the policy pursued by the Government of India is detrimental to rural agriculture. In 1920.21, the per capita cultivable area has decreased from 1.11 acres to only 0.32 acres per capita, while the share of the non-agricultural area has increased from 196.6 lakh hectares to 244.8 hectares. This has a clear effect on the overall agricultural production.

International institutions, globalization and the inequality among nations

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 323-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amitava Krishna Dutt ◽  
Kajal Mukhopadhyay
Keyword(s):  
World Trade Organization ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Capital Flows ◽  
World Trade ◽  
International Institutions ◽  
World Government ◽  
Gunnar Myrdal ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
The International Monetary Fund

In the 1950s, Gunnar Myrdal pointed out that while inequality between regions within many economically advanced countries was falling due to the policies of national government, inequality between countries was growing, given the absence of anything resembling a world government. Since then, international institutions such as the United Nations (UN), the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank (WB) and the World Trade Organization (WTO) have grown in size and scope. This paper uses econometric techniques to argue that these institutions, by liberalizing and increasing international trade and capital flows, have not had the effect of reducing inequality across nations and may, in fact, have exacerbated it.

The autonomy of international organizations? The analysis of major powers’ influence over the World Bank’s aid policies

2021 ◽  
pp. 223386592110248
Author(s):  
Yooneui Kim ◽  
Youngwan Kim
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Development Assistance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Official Development Assistance ◽  
Global Politics ◽  
Major Powers ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World

Are international organizations autonomous actors in global politics? This paper investigates whether and how major powers influence the World Bank’s official development assistance policies. Despite the World Bank’s attempts to maintain independence from its member states, we argue that major powers are still influential. Testing this expectation with the data of official development assistance provisions between 1981 and 2017, we find that the World Bank provides a higher amount of official development assistance to the recipient countries that receive a higher amount of such assistance from the major powers such as the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Germany and Japan. In addition, the World Bank is prone to provide a higher amount of official development assistance to the recipients that have a similar preference to the major powers. This study sheds light on the relations between major powers and international organizations.

Recognized and Violated by International Law: The Human Rights of the Global Poor

2005 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 717-745 ◽  
Author(s):  
THOMAS POGGE
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
International Law ◽  
World Bank ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Customary International Law ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
Institutional Structures ◽  
The World

Various human rights are widely recognized in codified and customary international law. These human rights promise all human beings protection against specific severe harms that might be inflicted on them domestically or by foreigners. Yet international law also establishes and maintains institutional structures that greatly contribute to violations of these human rights: fundamental components of international law systematically obstruct the aspirations of poor populations for democratic self-government, civil rights, and minimal economic sufficiency. And central international organizations, such as the WTO, the IMF, and the World Bank, are designed so that they systematically contribute to the persistence of severe poverty.

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