2. History of climate change

‘History of climate change’ traces the history of climate change and the evidence that supports it. The science of climate change started in 1856 with experiments by Eunice Newton Foote demonstrating the greenhouse effect of carbon dioxide. The essential science of climate change was there in the late 1950s, but it was not taken seriously until the late 1980s. Why was there a delay between the science of global warming being accepted in the late 1950s and the realization by those outside the scientific community of the true threat of global warming at the beginning of the 21st century? The key reasons for this delay were the lack of increase in global temperatures and the lack of global environmental awareness. What is the importance of the rise of the global environmental social movement and the new wave of protest and optimism of the last few years?

Social Movements in Iran: How Well Does the Dominant Narrative Work?

In this paper, I apply the typical stages of social movements—emergence, coalescence, and institutionalization—to an Iranian environmental social movement. I show how each of the stages does, or does not, play out in the Iranian case, using interview data and documentary analysis. The first two stages of social movements are achieved in the movement. But, due to a centralized state that uses violence and repression, the movement cannot play on the stage of the dominant narrative’s institutionalization. However, the movement is not in decline. I suggest using the idea of “persistence/resistance” for the last stage rather than institutionalization, as institutionalization may be just a form to assure that social movements will persist. There are other cases like this movement around the world, but there is not a specific argument to challenge the limitations of the dominant narrative. My study helps scholars rethink this narrative according to the context of the countries in their research.

An Argumentative Approach to “Framing”. Framing, Deliberation and Action in an Environmental Conflict

This paper proposes a new theorization of the concept of “framing”, in which argumentation has a central role. When decision-making is involved, to frame an issue is to offer the audience a salient and thus potentially overriding premise in a deliberative process that can ground decision and action. The analysis focuses on the Roşia Montană case, a conflict over policy that developed over the years into an environmental social movement and, in September 2013, culminated in the most significant public protests in Romania since the 1989 Revolution. Starting from Entman’s understanding of framing as “selection and salience”, several framing strategies are identified and discussed, illustrating three main mechanisms. The way in which “selection and salience” operates via a range of argument schemes in a deliberative, decision-making process, in order to produce framing effects (including, possibly, collective mobilization) is illustrated with examples from the 2013 campaign and protests (slogans, websites, blogs and newspaper articles).

THE RISK OF OCCUPYING A BROAD NICHE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIAL MOVEMENT ORGANIZATIONS*

Since Gamson's (1975) landmark study of social movement organizations, scholars have debated whether it is more advantageous to concentrate on a narrow or diverse set of issues. This paper recasts this debate in terms of organizational survival. Drawing on ideas from theories of category spanning and social movements, we argue that an organization that occupies a distinct niche conveys its purpose more effectively, which increases its chances of survival when compared to more diverse SMOs. Using a longitudinal dataset on environmental social movement organizations (ESMOs), we find organizations that span multiple and distant issue categories are significantly more likely to disband, compared to those with a more specialized focus. Other characteristics of ESMOs affect their survival rate in ways that are strikingly similar to for-profits and other types of nonprofits. Larger and more complex ESMOs benefit from economies of scale, while younger, less established organizations are more likely to perish.

Perancangan Komunikasi Visual Gerakan Sosial di Sungai Ciliwung Jakarta dengan Pendekatan Ambient Media

Social movement in Ciliwung river area is an informal group activity specifically focuses on environmental issues about Ciliwung river, Jakarta, by implementing or rejecting and campaigning the movement. Visual communication design of social movement is very important because good visual communication design will acquire proper visual communication and specific message to support the success of social movement. Exploration of visual communication for environmental social movement campaign to the point of finding the right communication media will train the sense of environmental problems, enrich knowledge and insight, strengthen the theory and expert opinion, as well as a reference in visual communication design. Appropriate message of visual communication will make it easier to apply the message on the media. The number of visual communications media requires careful thought to decide the use of media in social movement. Ambient mascot creation and election of new media as the media are important in the selection of environmental social movement media. Ethnography was used as method in the study and design then through library research. Field work for approximately one and a half years in the Ciliwung river environmental activist and community Betawi culture become a fundamental tool for understanding the issues arise in the environment. Research is based on participant observation that strengthens the results which can be applied in the design of visual communication. Mascot is an important finding in this design. Figure which can be a spokesperson or spokespersons for social movement in the Ciliwung river is the central figure applied in any visual message in the visual communication design. Mascot also strengthens ambient media as new media in social movement of visual communication. This visual communication design contributes to Visual Communication Design in its patterns of thinking design phase from starting stages of concept, idea, and reference data exploration, ethnography to visualization stage.

Coalitions and The Development of The Global Environmental Movement: A Double-Edged Sword

Censuses reveal an increasing prominence of coalition organizations within transnational social movements. However, the causes and implications of this change are unclear. Using original data on a population of transnational environmental social movement organizations, this research shows that coalition presence is a double-edged sword. While greater numbers of coalitions suggest movement expansion, empirical evidence suggests that this rise makes foundings of new organizations less likely.