Early Life Stage Mortality Syndrome in Fishes of the Great Lakes and Baltic Sea

1998 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Great Lakes ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Strong Correlation ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Early Life Stage ◽  
Yolk Sac ◽  
Normal Behavior

<em>Abstract</em>.—Since 1974, feral Baltic salmon <em>Salmo salar </em>populations have suffered from yolk sac fry mortality caused by the M74 syndrome. This syndrome affects yolk sac fry originating from specific females, and the mortality in affected family groups is usually 100%. Since 1990–1991, disturbances in the behavior of spawning migrating Baltic salmon have been observed. This study found a strong correlation between wiggling behavior in adult female Baltic salmon and the development of M74 in their offspring. Moreover, the ovarian thiamine concentrations in wiggling females were found to be significantly lower than those of females with normal behavior. In addition, eyed eggs and yolk sac fry that subsequently developed M74 contained only 13% (0.24 nmol/g) and 6% (0.11 nmol/g), respectively, of the thiamine concentrations detected in viable progeny sampled during the same periods. Eyed eggs with thiamine concentrations below a threshold limit interval of 0.36–0.77 nmol/g were found to have a high risk of developing M74 at the yolk sac fry stage.

Early Life Stage Mortality Syndrome in Fishes of the Great Lakes and Baltic Sea

1998 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Early Life Stage ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Yolk Sac ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Related Mortality

<em>Abstract</em>.—Since 1974, feral salmon <em>Salmo salar </em>populations of the Baltic Sea have suffered from a yolk sac fry mortality known as the M74 syndrome. Mortality rates of 40–95% have been recorded during the 1990s in compensatory rearing stations along the east coast of Sweden. The M74 syndrome has been linked to the offspring of specific females and associated with low thiamine (vitamin B<sub>1</sub>) concentrations in both female tissues and their progeny. This study evaluated the effect of thiamine treatments on mortality and thiamine concentrations in progeny with and without M74. Eggs and newly hatched yolk sac fry were immersed in water containing thiamine at concentrations of 100, 500, or 2,000 mg/L. Hardening of eggs in water containing thiamine at 500 or 2,000 mg/L completely eliminated M74-related mortality, whereas treatment with thiamine at 100 mg/L only partially reduced M74 mortality. The mean thiamine concentrations at the yolk sac fry stage (21–23 d after hatching) in untreated normal and M74-affected groups were between 0.70–1.0 and 0.19–0.26 nmol/g, respectively. At the same sampling, the mean thiamine concentrations in groups in which eggs were waterhardened in thiamine at 500 or 2,000 mg/L were between 0.8 and 9.4 times higher than the concentrations in the untreated groups. A thiamine threshold limit interval of 0.34–0.47 nmol/g was estimated for the development of M74 in yolk sac fry.

Early Life Stage Mortality Syndrome in Fishes of the Great Lakes and Baltic Sea

1998 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Great Lakes ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Lake Trout ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Early Life Stage ◽  
Early Mortality ◽  
Thiamine Pyrophosphate ◽  
Critical Threshold ◽  
Early Mortality Syndrome

<em>Abstract</em>.—Dietary amprolium, a thiamine antagonist, was fed to lake trout <em>Salvelinus namaycush </em>broodstock from April to October before spawning to determine its effect on egg and tissue concentrations of thiamine, thiamine monophosphate, and thiamine pyrophosphate. The thiamine concentration of eggs from fish fed no amprolium was 61.8 nmol/g, whereas the concentration of thiamine in fish fed 0.05 and 0.10% amprolium was 4.02 and 1.71 nmol/g (<EM>P </EM>< 0.01), respectively. In lake trout fed 0.10% amprolium beginning in August, egg free thiamine concentration was reduced to 11.6 nmol/g. No sign of early mortality syndrome was observed in sac fry from eggs in this study, which suggests that thiamine concentrations in the egg were not low enough to be below a critical threshold or that factors other than thiamine are involved in early mortality syndrome.

Early Life Stage Mortality Syndrome in Fishes of the Great Lakes and Baltic Sea

1998 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Great Lakes ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Lake Superior ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Early Life Stage ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Osmerus Mordax ◽  
Alosa Pseudoharengus ◽  
Sampling Times

<em>Abstract</em>.—Smelt <em>Osmerus mordax </em>and alewives <em>Alosa pseudoharengus </em>were collected from Lakes Huron and Michigan in spring and fall and from Lake Superior in spring to determine the activity of thiaminase, a thiamine-destroying enzyme, in those species. Greater thiaminase activity was found in the viscera (1,902 pmol • g<sup>-1</sup> • min<sup>-1</sup> for smelt and 1,705 pmol • g<sup>-1</sup> • min<sup>-1</sup> for alewives) than in the eviscerated body (180 pmol • g<sup>-1</sup> • min<sup>-1</sup> for smelt and 235 pmol • g<sup>-1</sup> • min<sup>-1</sup> for alewives). The average whole body thiaminase activity when all of the samples were pooled was 362 pmol • g<sup>-1</sup> • min<sup>-1</sup> for smelt and 357 pmol • g<sup>-1</sup> • min<sup>-1</sup> for alewives. Large differences were found in thiaminase activities between smelt and alewives from different locations in the Great Lakes region and at different sampling times. These differences may be species-, location-, or season-specific.

scholarly journals Spatio-temporal variability in western Baltic cod early life stage survival mediated by egg buoyancy, hydrography and hydrodynamics

2012 ◽  
Vol 69 (10) ◽  
pp. 1744-1752 ◽  
Author(s):  
H-H. Hinrichsen ◽  
K. Hüssy ◽  
B. Huwer
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Variability ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Early Life Stage ◽  
Yolk Sac ◽  
Biophysical Model ◽  
Spawning Areas ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Baltic Cod

Abstract Hinrichsen, H-H., Hüssy, K., and Huwer, B. 2012. Spatio-temporal variability in western Baltic cod early life stage survival mediated by egg buoyancy, hydrography and hydrodynamics. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: 1744–1752. To disentangle the effects of different drivers on recruitment variability of marine fish, a spatially and temporally explicit understanding of both the spawning stock size and the early life stage dynamics is required. The objectives of this study are to assess the transport of western Baltic cod early life stages as well as the variability in environmentally-mediated survival along drift routes in relation to both spatial (within and between different spawning areas) and temporal (interannual and seasonal) dynamics. A spatially and temporally highly-resolved biophysical model of the Baltic Sea was used to describe mortalities and survival success of eggs and yolk-sac larvae—represented by individual, virtual drifters—as predicted proportions of drifters that either died due to bottom contact or lethal temperatures, or that survived up to the end of the yolk-sac larval stage. The environmental conditions allowing survival of cod and yolk-sac larvae indicate that favourable conditions predominately occurred during the late spawning season, while minimum survival rates could be expected from January to March. The spatial analysis of different spawning areas revealed highest survival chances in the Kattegat, intermediate survival in the Great Belt, and only low survival in the Sound, Kiel Bay and Mecklenburg Bay.

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