scholarly journals Mishaps of Larynx in Pregnancy

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-38
Author(s):  
Ankit Jain ◽  
Nupur Kapoor Nerurkar ◽  
Binhi H Desai
Keyword(s):  
Postpartum Period ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Antenatal Period ◽  
In Pregnancy

ABSTRACT Pregnancy leading to hoarseness and stridor is not uncommon. It is usually a consequence of associated physiological changes and hence, reverts back to normalcy in postpartum. Pregnancy-induced stridor may rarely require a tracheostomy. Such a situation presents many challenges not only during the antenatal period but also during labor and the postpartum period. In this article, we have presented three cases of hoarseness during pregnancy and a discussion on their management with a review of literature. How to cite this article Nerurkar NK, Desai BH, Jain A. Mishaps of Larynx in Pregnancy. Int J Phonosurg Laryngol 2017;7(1):36-38.

scholarly journals Malaria and immunity during pregnancy and postpartum: a tale of two species

Parasitology ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 142 (8) ◽  
pp. 999-1015 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. D. McLEAN ◽  
R. ATAIDE ◽  
J. A. SIMPSON ◽  
J. G. BEESON ◽  
F. J. I. FOWKES
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Postpartum Period ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Pregnancy And Postpartum ◽  
Compare And Contrast ◽  
In Pregnancy

SUMMARYIt is well established that pregnant women are at an increased risk ofPlasmodium falciparuminfection when compared to non-pregnant individuals and limited epidemiological data suggestPlasmodium vivaxrisk also increases with pregnancy. The risk ofP. falciparumdeclines with successive pregnancies due to the acquisition of immunity to pregnancy-specificP. falciparumvariants. However, despite similar declines inP. vivaxrisk with successive pregnancies, there is a paucity of evidenceP. vivax-specific immunity. Cross-species immunity, as well as immunological and physiological changes that occur during pregnancy may influence the susceptibility to bothP. vivaxandP. falciparum. The period following delivery, the postpartum period, is relatively understudied and available epidemiological data suggests that it may also be a period of increased risk of infection toPlasmodiumspp. Here we review the literature and directly compare and contrast the epidemiology, clinical pathogenesis and immunological features ofP. vivaxandP. falciparumin pregnancy, with a particular focus on studies performed in areas co-endemic for both species. Furthermore, we review the intriguing epidemiology literature of bothP. falciparumandP. vivaxpostpartum and relate observations to the growing literature pertaining to malaria immunology in the postpartum period.

Skin pathologies in pregnancy

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 371-380
Author(s):  
Elena Sergeevna Snarskaya ◽  
Olga Yurievna Olisova ◽  
Alexander Davidovich Makatsariya ◽  
Nikolai Georgievich Kochergin ◽  
Lyudmila Radetskaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Postpartum Period ◽  
Meteorological Factors ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Skin Changes ◽  
Female Sex ◽  
Female Sex Hormones ◽  
External Stimuli ◽  
In Pregnancy

Abstract Progesterone is a hormone responsible for pregnancy maintenance and the amount of progesterone increases in a woman’s body during pregnancy, as well as the level of female sex hormones, estrogens are also upregulated. Due to these changes the cutaneous sensitivity to external stimuli (meteorological factors, bacteria, etc.) increases. In general, all skin changes during pregnancy can be divided into three groups: physiological changes (hormone-associated), nonspecific or dermatoses that existed before pregnancy or were triggered by it, and specific pregnancy-related dermatoses, which appear during pregnancy and resolve in the postpartum period. In this brief  review, we describe the dermatoses commonly seen in pregnancy and present our own clinical examples. We hope the review will be of some practical help for dermatologists and obstetricians.

Pharmacokinetics, Placental and Breast Milk Transfer of Antiretroviral Drugs in Pregnant and Lactating Women Living with HIV

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 556-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.M. Hodel ◽  
C. Marzolini ◽  
C. Waitt ◽  
N. Rakhmanina
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Protease Inhibitors ◽  
Drug Class ◽  
Drug Transporters ◽  
Maternal Plasma ◽  
Antiretroviral Drugs ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Women Living With Hiv ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
In Pregnancy

Background:Remarkable progress has been achieved in the identification of HIV infection in pregnant women and in the prevention of vertical HIV transmission through maternal antiretroviral treatment (ART) and neonatal antiretroviral drug (ARV) prophylaxis in the last two decades. Millions of women globally are receiving combination ART throughout pregnancy and breastfeeding, periods associated with significant biological and physiological changes affecting the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of ARVs. The objective of this review was to summarize currently available knowledge on the PK of ARVs during pregnancy and transport of maternal ARVs through the placenta and into the breast milk. We also summarized main safety considerations for in utero and breast milk ARVs exposures in infants.Methods:We conducted a review of the pharmacological profiles of ARVs in pregnancy and during breastfeeding obtained from published clinical studies. Selected maternal PK studies used a relatively rich sampling approach at each ante- and postnatal sampling time point. For placental and breast milk transport of ARVs, we selected the studies that provided ratios of maternal to the cord (M:C) plasma and breast milk to maternal plasma (M:P) concentrations, respectively.Results:We provide an overview of the physiological changes during pregnancy and their effect on the PK parameters of ARVs by drug class in pregnancy, which were gathered from 45 published studies. The PK changes during pregnancy affect the dosing of several protease inhibitors during pregnancy and limit the use of several ARVs, including three single tablet regimens with integrase inhibitors or protease inhibitors co-formulated with cobicistat due to suboptimal exposures. We further analysed the currently available data on the mechanism of the transport of ARVs from maternal plasma across the placenta and into the breast milk and summarized the effect of pregnancy on placental and of breastfeeding on mammal gland drug transporters, as well as physicochemical properties, C:M and M:P ratios of individual ARVs by drug class. Finally, we discussed the major safety issues of fetal and infant exposure to maternal ARVs.Conclusions:Available pharmacological data provide evidence that physiological changes during pregnancy affect maternal, and consequently, fetal ARV exposure. Limited available data suggest that the expression of drug transporters may vary throughout pregnancy and breastfeeding thereby possibly impacting the amount of ARV crossing the placenta and secreted into the breast milk. The drug transporter’s role in the fetal/child exposure to maternal ARVs needs to be better understood. Our analysis underscores the need for more pharmacological studies with innovative study design, sparse PK sampling, improved study data reporting and PK modelling in pregnant and breastfeeding women living with HIV to optimize their treatment choices and maternal and child health outcomes.

The rewards of motherhood: Neural response to reward in pregnancy prospectively predicts maternal bonding with the infant in the postpartum period

2021 ◽  
pp. 108148
Author(s):  
Elizabeth M. Mulligan ◽  
Magen Lowe ◽  
Heather Flynn ◽  
Greg Hajcak
Keyword(s):  
Postpartum Period ◽  
Neural Response ◽  
Maternal Bonding ◽  
In Pregnancy

The Privilege of Information—An Examination of the Defence of Therapeutic Privilege and its Implications for Pregnant Women

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aoife M Finnerty
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Postpartum Period ◽  
Patient Autonomy ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Case Law ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Judicial Scrutiny ◽  
Therapeutic Privilege ◽  
Professional Guidelines ◽  
In Pregnancy

Abstract Though apparently in existence across common law countries, the defence of ‘therapeutic privilege’ receives scant judicial analysis in case law. The extent of its reach is unclear and its underpinning justification is shaky. Often it forms a throwaway remark or poorly explored caveat when the duty of a physician to disclose information is being examined, rather than receiving any detailed judicial scrutiny in its own right. Furthermore, despite references to it in case law, it is questionable if it has ever successfully been invoked as a defence in either England and Wales or Ireland. This piece examines this lack of clarity and the often-vague references to the existence of therapeutic privilege in both case law and professional guidelines, followed by a consideration of why the defence may be particularly problematic and unjustified in the context of childbirth and the immediate postpartum period. Considering the dangers of therapeutic privilege in pregnancy presents a timely opportunity to examine the issues with the use of the defence in all other healthcare contexts, focusing particularly on its impact on individual patient autonomy. Finally, this piece concludes by contending that therapeutic privilege ought to be abolished, if it truly exists at all.

Recognition and Management of Pelvic Floor Disorders in Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period

2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 571-584
Author(s):  
Annetta M. Madsen ◽  
Lisa C. Hickman ◽  
Katie Propst
Keyword(s):  
Pelvic Floor ◽  
Postpartum Period ◽  
Pelvic Floor Disorders ◽  
In Pregnancy

Case report Varicella in pregnancy: Report of case and review of literature

1982 ◽  
Vol 82 (5) ◽  
pp. 135-137
Author(s):  
Wesley S. Chodos
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
In Pregnancy

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period: A Systematic Review of Case Reports

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-80
Author(s):  
J. Ong ◽  
J.J.Y. Zhang ◽  
R. Lorusso ◽  
G. MacLaren ◽  
K. Ramanathana
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation ◽  
Postpartum Period ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Membrane Oxygenation ◽  
In Pregnancy

Animal-based food taboos during pregnancy and the postpartum period of Southeast Asian women – A review of literature

2019 ◽  
Vol 115 ◽  
pp. 480-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Realm Köhler ◽  
Christine Lambert ◽  
Hans K. Biesalski
Keyword(s):  
Postpartum Period ◽  
Southeast Asian ◽  
Asian Women ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Food Taboos
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