This chapter discusses urological pathology and covers diseases of the urinary tract managed by urologists. This includes genitourinary malformations, urinary tract infection, urinary tract obstruction, urinary calculi, cystic renal diseases, benign renal tumours, renal cell carcinoma (RCC), childhood renal tumours, urothelial carcinoma, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), prostate carcinoma, testicular germ cell tumours, testicular non-germ cell tumours, paratesticular diseases, urethral diseases, penile diseases, and scrotal diseases.