Overarm Throw, Rear View 1

The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of a component-specific instruction (CSI) intervention to enhance overarm throw development in preschool children. The study also examined the sequence of components within the intervention, a force production sequence (FPS) versus a forward-chaining sequence (FCS). During daily inspection of the data, investigators noted changes in efficiency levels of nontargeted components. Therefore, a third research question emerged regarding the ancillary effects of CSI on efficiency levels of nontargeted components. For all participants, intervention was required on two or more of the following: step, rotation/backswing, elbow/backswing, forearm/forward, and rotation forward. CSI was found to be effective for improving the efficiency of the targeted component as well as overall throwing efficiency. Ancillary effects occurred repeatedly across nontargeted components during all but one condition of CSI. During follow-up, the degree to which efficiency levels were maintained varied from child to child.

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Overarm Throw

10.5040/9781350961333 ◽

2020 ◽

Keyword(s):

Overarm Throw

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The Participant-Observer: A Source of Invalidity in Measuring Motor Skills?

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1977.45.1.75 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 45 (1) ◽

pp. 75-80

Author(s):

Margaret J. Safrit ◽

Diane M. Korell ◽

E. Dawn McDonald ◽

Marilyn E. Yeates

Keyword(s):

Motor Skills ◽

Fixed Effects ◽

Motor Behavior ◽

Incident Light ◽

Test Validity ◽

Educational Setting ◽

Potential Source ◽

Overarm Throw ◽

Written Test ◽

Participant Observer

Test validity can be defined as the accuracy of a test score. Artifacts, sources of error that affect validity, have been studied in both research design and written test frameworks but have received little attention in the context of tests of motor behavior in an educational setting. One potential source of invalidity in motor skill testing is the presence of participant-observers. The participant-observer effect is defined as the influence of the presence of other subjects who are waiting to be tested or who have already been tested on subjects who are being tested. This study was designed to measure the test performances of 175 college women with participant-observers present and with participant-observers absent. The test was an overarm throw for speed measured by an incident light velocimeter. The data were analyzed using 2 × 4 fixed-effects analysis of variance. The presence of other participant-observers did not elicit performance scores that were different from those of subjects tested alone. Thus testing subjects in groups where one member of the group is tested while the others observe did not adversely affect performance on the overarm throw compared with that of subjects tested alone.

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Qualitative and Quantitative Assessment of Overarm Throwing in Children With and Without Developmental Coordination Disorder

Journal of Motor Learning and Development ◽

10.1123/jmld.2020-0056 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-20

Author(s):

Nadja Schott ◽

Nancy Getchell

Keyword(s):

Developmental Coordination Disorder ◽

Motor Impairment ◽

Gross Motor Skills ◽

Qualitative And Quantitative ◽

Developmental Levels ◽

Component Approach ◽

Movement Assessment ◽

Overarm Throw ◽

Overarm Throwing ◽

Coordination Disorder

Background: Children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) frequently have difficulties performing gross motor skills such as the overarm throw. Our study examines the differences in both qualitative and quantitative characteristics of overarm throwing for accuracy between typically developing (TD) and children with DCD. Methods: A total of 74 children (36 females/38 males) aged between 7 and 11 years, participated in this study. The authors used the Movement Assessment Battery for Children—second edition to assess motor impairment. In total, 37 (50%) met the criteria for DCD. Each participant completed 10 overarm throws for accuracy at a target. The authors assessed movement quality using the component approach (Roberton & Halverson, 1984) and quantity using target accuracy. Results: The analyses revealed significantly lower throwing accuracy in DCD versus TD children. Children with DCD also demonstrated fewer component combinations and lower developmental levels than their TD peers. Finally, product scores tracked with process scores. Discussion: Both qualitative and quantitative measures clearly showed that children with DCD are at a disadvantage in controlling a ball during overarm throwing. They used stability profiles that limited coordination variability. TD participants performed more combinations of higher developmental levels to achieve more accurate throws, suggesting they controlled variability to optimize the accuracy of their throws.

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Throwing Patterns of Older Adults: A Follow-up Investigation

The International Journal of Aging and Human Development ◽

10.2190/891h-v1m1-493b-gp4p ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 33 (4) ◽

pp. 279-294 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Kathleen Williams ◽

Kathleen Haywood ◽

Ann Vansant

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Force Production ◽

Movement Patterns ◽

Gender And Age ◽

Ball Velocity ◽

Overarm Throw ◽

Kinematic Measures ◽

Tennis Balls ◽

Functional Movements

Previous investigations of the movement patterns of older adults have focused on functional movements. Performance declines have been reported with increasing age. Many investigations, however, do not require older adults to perform maximal, force producing actions. Smaller declines might be observed if older adults made a maximal effort. This investigation examined changes in a maximal skill—the overarm throw for force. Active, older adults were videotaped as they threw tennis balls. Thirteen people were filmed for two consecutive years. Gender and age differences were examined for movement patterns, ball velocity, and selected kinematic measures. Participants threw using patterns and velocities generally observed in children in middle elementary-school years. This result suggested there was a decline in this force production skill. Some older adults regressed in the movement patterns they used over the two years of testing. Older males threw faster, using more advanced movement patterns than older females.

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