Austrian intelligence and the national interest in the Mediterranean region during the early nineteenth century

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Schriffl
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Mediterranean Region ◽  
National Interest ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
The Mediterranean

scholarly journals European Officers and the Mainland Irregular Forces on the Ionian Islands, 1798–1814: A Comparison of Command and Tactics

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-142
Author(s):  
Nicholas Pappas
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Napoleonic Wars ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Ionian Islands ◽  
War Of Independence ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Irregular Forces ◽  
Of Greece ◽  
Successes And Failures

In the era of the Napoleonic wars, the Ionian Islands off the western coasts of Greece and southern Albania became a base of operations and an area of conflict in the Mediterranean in the years 1797–1814. In that period, Republican French, Russian, Imperial French, and British forces successively occupied these Greek-populated islands, formerly Venetian possessions. Each of these powers attempted to establish a nominally independent "Septinsular Republic" under their protectorate. There were efforts by all of these powers to organize native armed forces, some raised from among refugees from the mainland-bandits (klephtes), former Ottoman irregulars (armatoloi), and clansmen from the autonomous regions of Himara, Souli, and Mani. Although these refugee warriors were skilled in the use of weapons-flintlock firearms, sabres and yataghans-they fought and were organized according to traditions and methods that were different and considered "obsolete" in early nineteenth century Europe. This study will look into the organization, training and command of these troops by Russian, French, and British officers. It will study the successes and failures of these officers in forming these native warriors into regular or semi-regular forces. It will also examine how the attitudes and activities of these officers helped to develop the armed forces of the Greek War of Independence, 1821–1830. Keywords: Napoleonic wars, Ionian Islands, armatoloi and klephtes, military forces

scholarly journals EMPIRE AND TRANS-IMPERIAL SUBJECTS IN THE NINETEENTH-CENTURY MUSLIM MEDITERRANEAN

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 958-979
Author(s):  
GAVIN MURRAY-MILLER
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Mediterranean Region ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Cultural Transfers

AbstractDuring the nineteenth century, the Muslim Mediterranean became a locus of competing imperial projects led by the Ottomans and European powers. This article examines how the migration of people and ideas across North Africa and Asia complicated processes of imperial consolidation and exposed the ways in which North Africa, Europe, and Asia were connected through trans-imperial influences that often undermined the jurisdictional sovereignty of imperial states. It demonstrates that cross-border migrations and cultural transfers both frustrated and abetted imperial projects while allowing for the imagining of new types of solidarities that transcended national and imperial categorizations. In analysing these factors, this article argues for a rethinking of the metropole–periphery relationship by highlighting the important role print and trans-imperial networks played in shaping the Mediterranean region.

Thomas Wright Blakiston

2020 ◽  
pp. 23-40
Author(s):  
Kirsten A. Greer
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Mediterranean Region ◽  
Military Culture ◽  
Crimean War ◽  
British Military ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The Military ◽  
At Home

Chapter 2 examines the production of the scientific war hero in British military culture in the mid-nineteenth century, with an emphasis on the Crimean War (1853–56) as an important event in securing Britain’s ascendency over Russian aspirations in the Mediterranean region, and in the emergence of the military-scientific hero. The chapter also highlights the military-scientific hero as a product of conducting fieldwork in the Crimean theater of war and collecting specimens as scientific trophies of war for a British audience at home. Here, the focus is on Ordnance officer Captain Thomas Wright Blakiston, Royal Artillery, who collected numerous birds while serving with his regiments, published works in the Zoologist, and sent specimens to British museums, including the Museum of the Royal Artillery Institution at Woolwich.

scholarly journals Becoming a Correspondent: The Foundations of New Merchant Relationships in Early Modern French Trade (1730–1820)

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 533-574
Author(s):  
ARNAUD BARTOLOMEI ◽  
CLAIRE LEMERCIER ◽  
VIERA REBOLLEDO-DHUIN ◽  
NADÈGE SOUGY
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Rhetorical Strategies ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Ethnic Networks ◽  
Commercial Networks ◽  
The Mediterranean

This article discusses the relational and rhetorical foundations of more than 300 first letters sent in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries by merchant or banking houses based in Europe, the Mediterranean, and the Americas to two prominent French firms: Roux Brothers and Greffulhe Montz & Cie. We used a quantitative analysis of qualitative aspects of first letters to go beyond the standard opposition between premodern personal exchanges and modern impersonal transactions. The expansion of commercial networks during the period under analysis is often believed to have relied on families and ethnic networks and on explicit recommendations worded in the formulas prescribed in merchant manuals. However, most first letters did not use such resources. In many cases, commercial operations began thanks to a mutual acquaintance but without a formal recommendation. This was in fact the norm in the eighteenth century—and an underestimated foundation of the expansion of European commercial networks. In the early nineteenth century, this norm became less prevalent: it was replaced by diverse relational and rhetorical strategies, from recommendations to prospective letters dispensing with any mention of relationships. Whether before or after 1800, the relational and rhetorical resources displayed in letters did not systematically influence the sender’s chances of becoming a correspondent; instead, they depended on the receiving firm’s commercial strategy.

Earthquakes

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stathis Stiros
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Mediterranean Region ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Northern Greece ◽  
British Rule ◽  
Hazard Zoning ◽  
Earthquake Resistant ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Key Aspects

Earthquakes have played a major role in the evolution of the Mediterranean landscape. They are the most important geohazard in the region and huge sums are invested annually in seismic monitoring, hazard zoning, and earthquake prediction, and in the design of earthquake-resistant buildings and infrastructure. Large earthquakes of magnitude >7.0 have been recorded across the region and the archaeological record shows that earthquakes have posed a major hazard to human settlements for thousands of years (Ambraseys 1971; Shaw et al. 2008; Bottari et al. 2009; Figure 16.1 and Table 16.1). The study of Mediterranean seismicity started about 2,400 years ago when the first earthquake catalogue was compiled in ancient Greece (Papazachos and Papazachou 1997; Guidoboni et al. 1994). This key development predated, by several centuries, the construction of the first seismograph in China (Bullen and Bolt 1985). Since these early developments a great deal of research has been carried out to improve our understanding of earthquakes and associated hazards in the Mediterranean region and to provide protection from them. Earthquake resistant buildings—such as houses with timber bracing—were introduced in Asia Minor in the seventeenth century (Kirikov 1992; Simopoulos 1984; Stiros 1995) and the first strict anti-seismic construction regulations were implemented on the island of Levkas, Greece, in the nineteenth century under British Rule (Stiros 1995). The first ‘modern’, regional-scale earthquake maps and catalogues were compiled as early as the middle of the nineteenth century (Mallet 1858). Despite this progress, the death toll from Mediterranean earthquakes is still high and earthquakes in the region continue to surprise geoscientists. For example, the diffuse pattern of seismicity that is especially characteristic characteristic of the eastern Mediterranean (Figure 16.2) is not easily reconciled with existing plate tectonic models, and many faults that are believed to demarcate plate boundaries (such as the Jordan Rift) are currently quiescent (Figure 16.3). Similarly, the 1995 Grevena-Kozani earthquake was a surprise for scientists, for it hit the heart of what was believed to be an aseismic region in northern Greece (Stiros 1998a). Furthermore, key aspects of the geodynamic background of the Mediterranean region remain a matter of debate.

A history of some fruit models in wax and other materials: scientific teaching aids and courtly table decorations

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans-JüRgen Lechtreck
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Visual Aids ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Teaching Aids ◽  
Scientific Teaching ◽  
Glass Marble ◽  
History Of ◽  
By Products ◽  
Wax Models

Two early nineteenth century texts treating the production and use of wax models of fruit reveal the history of these objects in the context of courtly decoration. Both sources emphasise the models' decorative qualities and their suitability for display, properties which were not simply by-products of the realism that the use of wax allowed. Thus, such models were not regarded merely as visual aids for educational purposes. The artists who created them sought to entice collectors of art and natural history objects, as well as teachers and scientists. Wax models of fruits are known to have been collected and displayed as early as the seventeenth century, although only one such collection is extant. Before the early nineteenth century models of fruits made from wax or other materials (glass, marble, faience) were considered worthy of display because contemporaries attached great importance to mastery of the cultivation and grafting of fruit trees. This skill could only be demonstrated by actually showing the fruits themselves. Therefore, wax models made before the early nineteenth century may also be regarded as attempts to preserve natural products beyond the point of decay.

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