scholarly journals Heaven or Earth: The Hagia Sophia Re-Conversion, Turkish and International Law, and the Special Case of Universal Religious Sites

2022 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael P. Goodyear
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Hagia Sophia ◽  
Special Case

Territorial Integrity Narrowly Interpreted: Reasserting the Classical Inter-State Paradigm of International Law

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
OLIVIER CORTEN
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
Advisory Opinion ◽  
Territorial Integrity ◽  
Declaration Of Independence ◽  
Traditional Conception ◽  
State Actors ◽  
Special Case ◽  
Inter State

AbstractParagraph 80 of the Kosovo AO reflects a very traditional conception of international law. By insisting on the inter-state character of the principle of territorial integrity, the Court refused to challenge the classical argument of the ‘neutrality’ of international law in regard to secession. The Court also refused any reinterpretation of Article 2(4) of the UN Charter. As already stated in the Wall Advisory Opinion, the prohibition of the use of force is only applicable between states. It does not apply between states and non-state actors, whether secessionist or not. Similarly, the Court refused the argument of ‘remedial secession’, at least as far as it would imply a right to violate the principle of territorial integrity of a state by a secessionist group. Indeed, if the latter principle is not applicable in such situations, it logically cannot be violated and there is therefore no right to infringe it. Finally, the Court refused to consider Kosovo as a ‘special case’ or a sui generis situation. According to the Court, this situation must be governed by the traditional rules of general international law. This implies that Kosovo did not violate international law by proclaiming independence. But this also implies that a declaration of independence by a secessionist group inside Kosovo would not be contrary to international law. Moreover, it can be pointed out that if Kosovo is not a state (a hypothesis perfectly compatible with the advisory opinion), then general international law would not preclude Serbia from invoking the argument of ‘legal neutrality’ to support such a secessionist group.

scholarly journals International and Supranational Law

2020 ◽  
pp. 75-96
Author(s):  
Mireille Hildebrandt
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Constitutive Relationship ◽  
The European Union ◽  
International Treaties ◽  
Legal Effect ◽  
International Legal Order ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Special Case ◽  
International Rule

This chapter turns to international and supranational law. It focuses on international law in the context of the Council of Europe (CoE) and on supranational law in the context of the European Union (EU). The chapter first discusses the concept of jurisdiction and its formative status in national, international, and supranational law, after which it provides a more in-depth overview of international law and supranational law. This involves a discussion of the relationship between national constitutions and the binding force of international treaties, the role of consent and custom in the force of international law, and the legal effect of fundamental principles and mandatory law that no state can ignore. Next, the special case of the supranational EU jurisdiction is introduced, notably the distribution of sovereignty between the member states and the Union and the most important legislative instruments: regulations and directives. Finally, the mutually constitutive relationship between internal and external sovereignty is connected with the idea of an international rule of law that addresses states as fiduciary agents of the international legal order.

scholarly journals Closing of the Museum in the Hagia Sophia in Istanbul as a Violation of the Obligations of the Republic of Turkey Under International Law

2020 ◽  
pp. 55-70
Author(s):  
Александр Михайлович Солнцев
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
European Convention ◽  
International Treaties ◽  
Turkish Republic ◽  
Unesco Convention ◽  
Hagia Sophia ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Republic Of Turkey

В июле 2020 г. после соответствующего решения турецкого суда президент страны принял указ о закрытии музея в здании храма Святой Софии и открытии в нем мечети. 916 лет этот храм был христианским, в течение 481 г. - мусульманским, а последние 86 лет - это был музей. Он находится в списке всемирного наследия ЮНЕСКО. В статье предпринимается анализ данных действий Турции с точки зрения международного права и Конституции Турецкой Республики. В то время как принцип секуляризации, зафиксированный в турецкой Конституции, сделал возможным доступ к собору Святой Софии на равных условиях для людей всех вероисповеданий и нерелигиозных лиц, нынешний регресс в отношении имплементации секуляризма в Турции вызывает обеспокоенность и говорит о нарушении международных обязательств, в том числе положений международных договоров, ратифицированных Турецкой Республикой, а именно: Конвенции ЮНЕСКО об охране всемирного культурного и природного наследия 1972 г.; Европейской Конвенции о защите прав человека и основных свобод 1950 г. и Международного пакта об экономических, социальных и культурных правах 1966 г. Статья подготовлена при финансовой поддержке РФФИ в рамках научного проекта № 18-011-00292. In July 2020, following the relevant decision of the Turkish court, the President of the country adopted a decree to close the museum in the building of the Hagia Sophia and open a mosque in it. For 916 years this temple was Christian, during 481 it was Muslim, and for the last 86 years it has been a museum. It is on the UNESCO World Heritage List. The article analyzes these actions of Turkey from the point of view of international law and the Constitution of the Republic of Turkey. While the secularization of the Turkish Republic has made it possible for people of all faiths and non-religious persons to access Hagia Sophia on equal terms, the current regression regarding the implementation of secularism in Turkey raises concerns and speaks of a violation of international obligations, including the provisions of international treaties ratified The Republic of Turkey, namely: the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage of 1972; The European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of 1950 and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of 1966. The article was prepared with the financial support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research within the framework of scientific project № 18-011-00292.

Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes in International Law: The Special Case of the Mediterranean Area

1997 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 447-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Cubel
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
International Law ◽  
Mediterranean Area ◽  
Hazardous Wastes ◽  
Basel Convention ◽  
African Caribbean ◽  
Waste Trade ◽  
International Instruments ◽  
Special Case ◽  
Transboundary Movements

AbstractSince the early 1980s different organisations have tried to enact international instruments to control international waste trade. The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal was adopted in 1989 under the auspices of UNEP in order to protect human health and the environment against the adverse effects which may result from the management of waste involved in transboundary movements of hazardous waste and its disposal. The Basel Convention has evolved significantly in eight years-whereas only 35 states and the EC signed the Convention at the time of its adoption, more than 113 states have ratified it as to August 1997. Several other instruments have been developed under the Basel Convention influence. Among those treaties that have been adopted, two deserve special attention. First, the Bamako Convention on the Ban of the Import into Africa and the Control of Transboundary Movement and Management of Hazardous Wastes within Africa adopted in 1991 under the auspices of OAU. Second, the Fourth Lomé Convention adopted by the EC and its member states and 69 African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) states. The first part of this article is devoted to a comparative analysis of those three Conventions. The second part of this article gives an objective analysis of the substantive regulation of the Izmir Protocol while criticising diverse aspects and proposing alternatives in view of the conventions treated in the preceding part.

Complexity Rules (or: Ruling Complexity)

2019 ◽  
pp. 232-241
Author(s):  
Tomer Broude
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
International Relations ◽  
International Law ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Special Relationship ◽  
Legal Systems ◽  
Contemporary Issue ◽  
Special Case ◽  
International Rule

This chapter is a comment on the capacity of international law to address complex problems such as climate change, as a complement and response to Jutta Brunnée’s preceding chapter. The comment first questions whether complexity is in fact a special case or rather an all-pervading characteristic of international relations, and by extension, of international law. Second, the comment questions—notwithstanding the current angst that internationalist lawyers feel and express due to what seems like a tidal-scale assault on international law—whether the international rule-of-law management of complexity is a particularly contemporary issue, or just another iteration of recurrent, resurgent, occasionally even refreshing, frictions that characterize international law. Third, the comment asks whether the challenges of complexity maintain a special relationship with international law, or whether these are substantially the same as the interactions of these issues with domestic legal systems.

The Responsibility of Member States of International Organizations?

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 448-467
Author(s):  
Esa Paasivirta
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
International Organization ◽  
General Question ◽  
Modus Operandi ◽  
Member States ◽  
Legal Personality ◽  
Mixed Agreements ◽  
Special Case

This article outlines the contours of the special case of the eu in the context of the general question of the responsibility of a member State of an international organization. The special case of eu member States is connected with the modus operandi of the eu in general, and the fact that the implementation of eu acts is largely carried out by national authorities rather than by the eu relying solely on its own organs. This special case is also connected with the phenomenon of so-called ‘mixed agreements’ to which both the eu and its member States are parties. In both situations, the role of the member States is important and appears as part of the normal conduct of the organization. Against the background of these observations, the paper reviews the central concepts of legal personality, competence and responsibility in order to consider and assess the special case of the eu in a broader international law context. The paper also reviews recent legal developments which bear on the assessment of the special case of the eu.

Extreme self-sacrifice beyond fusion: Moral expansiveness and the special case of allyship

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Crimston ◽  
Matthew J. Hornsey
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Biological Markers ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Relevant Dimension ◽  
Special Case

AbstractAs a general theory of extreme self-sacrifice, Whitehouse's article misses one relevant dimension: people's willingness to fight and die in support of entities not bound by biological markers or ancestral kinship (allyship). We discuss research on moral expansiveness, which highlights individuals’ capacity to self-sacrifice for targets that lie outside traditional in-group markers, including racial out-groups, animals, and the natural environment.

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