Classification of Low-Income Countries for the Purpose of Debt Limits in Fund-Supported Programs - 2011 Update

Policy Papers ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 (60) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Financial Management ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Short Paper ◽  
Executive Board ◽  
Public Financial Management ◽  
Management Capacity

This short paper informs the Executive Board of staff’s assessment of macroeconomic and public financial management capacity (henceforth “capacity”) in PRGT-eligible countries (henceforth “low-income countries”) with Fund-supported programs for the purpose of setting debt limits. Capacity plays an important role in the framework for debt limits. This framework includes a menu of options for concessionality requirements to reflect the diversity of situations in low-income countries (LICs). Eligibility for a particular option is related to an assessment of debt vulnerabilities and capacity.

scholarly journals Development and application of affordable SNP typing approaches to genotype Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strains in low and high burden countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Irving Cancino-Muñoz ◽  
Ana Gil-Brusola ◽  
Manuela Torres-Puente ◽  
Carla Mariner-Llicer ◽  
John Dogba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Sanger Sequencing ◽  
High Resolution Melting ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Complex ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Tuberculosis Complex ◽  
Typing Methods

Abstract The Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) comprises the species that causes tuberculosis (TB) which affects 10 million people every year. A robust classification of species, lineages, and sub-lineages is important to explore associations with drug resistance, epidemiological patterns or clinical outcomes. We present a rapid and easy-to-follow methodology to classify clinical TB samples into the main MTBC clades. Approaches are based on the identification of lineage and sub-lineage diagnostic SNP using a real-time PCR high resolution melting assay and classic Sanger sequencing from low-concentrated, low quality DNA. Thus, suitable for implementation in middle and low-income countries. Once we validated our molecular procedures, we characterized a total of 491 biological samples from human and cattle hosts, representing countries with different TB burden. Overall, we managed to genotype ~95% of all samples despite coming from unpurified and low-concentrated DNA. Our approach also allowed us to detect zoonotic cases in eight human samples from Nigeria. To conclude, the molecular techniques we have developed, are accurate, discriminative and reproducible. Furthermore, it costs less than other classic typing methods, resulting in an affordable alternative method in TB laboratories.

Quota and Voice Reform - Stocktaking and Further Considerations, Statistical Appendices I and II, Statement by the Managing Director, and Summing Up of the Board Meeting

Policy Papers ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 2007 (47) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Emerging Market ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Board Meeting ◽  
Executive Board ◽  
Board Of Governors ◽  
New Formula ◽  
The Voice

At its Spring Meeting, the IMFC reiterated the importance of implementing the program of quota and voice reforms in line with the timetable set out by the Board of Governors in Singapore. The Committee welcomed the initial informal Board discussions on a new quota formula and stressed the importance of agreeing on a new formula, which should be simple and transparent and should capture members’ relative positions in the world economy. It noted that this reform would result in higher shares for dynamic economies, many of which are emerging market economies, whose weight and role in the global economy have increased. The Committee also stressed the importance of enhancing the voice and participation of low-income countries, a key issue for which is an increase in basic votes, at a minimum preserving the voting share of low-income countries. The Committee called on the Executive Board to continue its work on the reform package as a matter of priority.

2017 Handbook of IMF Facilities for Low-Income Countries

Policy Papers ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Safety Net ◽  
Policy Coordination ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Executive Board ◽  
Reference Tool ◽  
Financial Safety Net ◽  
Comprehensive Reference

This Handbook provides guidance to staff on the financial facilities and non-financial instruments for low-income countries (LICs), defined here as all countries eligible to obtain concessional financing from the Fund. It updates the previous version of the Handbook that was published in February 2016 (IMF, 2016d) by incorporating modifications resulting from Board papers and related decisions since that time, including Financing for Development—Enhancing the Financial Safety Net for Developing Countries—Further Considerations (IMF, 2016c), Review of Poverty Reduction and Growth Trust – Review of Interest Rate Structure (IMF, 2016b), Eligibility to Use the Fund’s Facilities for Concessional Financing (IMF, 2017a), Large Natural Disasters—Enhancing the Financial Safety Net for Developing Countries (IMF, 2017b) and Adequacy of the Global Financial Safety Net – Proposal for a New Policy Coordination Instrument (IMF, 2017c). Designed as a comprehensive reference tool for program work on LICs, the Handbook also refers, in summary form, to a range of relevant policies that apply more generally to IMF members. As with all guidance notes, the relevant IMF Executive Board decisions, including the terms of the various LIC Trust Instruments that have been adopted by the Board, remain the sole legal authority on the matters covered in the Handbook

Review of the Experience with the Policy Support Instrument

Policy Papers ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 09 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Policy Support ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Executive Board ◽  
Ongoing Work

This review is focused mainly on the implementation of the Policy Support Instrument (PSI) against the goals and expectations set out by the Executive Board. Some possible modifications to the PSI that have been considered by various stakeholders are also touched upon in the concluding section. This review was conducted in parallel with ongoing work on a new architecture of lending facilities for low-income countries (LIC). Based on the results of this review, the reform of LIC facilities is not expected to alter the case for the PSI as a complement to financing instruments.

2014 Handbook of IMF Facilities for Low-Income Countries

Policy Papers ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 (70) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Legal Authority ◽  
Executive Board ◽  
Reference Tool ◽  
Comprehensive Reference

This Handbook, an updated version of a similarly titled document issued in May 2012 (IMF, 2012c), provides guidance to staff on the financial facilities for low-income countries (LICs) that became effective in January 2010 (ECF, SCF, and RCF), and the PSI, including modifications to the guidance resulting from the Review of Facilities for Low-Income Countries (IMF, 2012e and 2013d) and the Review of Eligibility to Use the Fund’s Facilities for Concessional Financing (IMF, 2013c). Designed as a comprehensive reference tool for program work on low-income countries, the Handbook also refers, in summary form, to a range of relevant policies that apply more generally to IMF members. As with all guidance notes, the relevant IMF Executive Board decisions, including the terms of the various LIC Trust Instruments that have been adopted by the Board, remain the sole legal authority on the matters covered in the Handbook.

scholarly journals Strengthening public financial management in the health sector: a qualitative case study from South Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. e006911
Author(s):  
Jodi Wishnia ◽  
Jane Goudge
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Service Delivery ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Financial Management ◽  
Boundary Crossing ◽  
Multidisciplinary Teams ◽  
Health Coverage ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Public Financial Management

IntroductionEffective public financial management (PFM) ensures public health funds are used to deliver services in the best way possible. Given the global call for universal health coverage, and concerns about the management of public funds in many low-income and middle-income countries, PFM has become an important area of research. South Africa has a robust PFM framework, that is generally adhered to, and yet financial outcomes have remained poor. In this paper, we describe how a South African provincial department of health tried to strengthen its PFM processes by deploying finance managers into service delivery units, involving service delivery managers in the monthly finance meeting, using a weekly committee to review expenditure requests and starting a weekly managers’ ‘touch-base’ meeting. We assess whether these strategies strengthened collaboration and trust and how this impacted on PFM.MethodThis research used a case study design with ethnographic methods. Semi-structured interviews (n=30) were conducted with participant observations. Thematic analysis was used to identify emergent themes and collaborative public management theory was then used to frame the findings. The authors used reflexive methods, and member checking was conducted.ResultsThe deployment of staff and touch-base meeting illustrated the potential of multidisciplinary teams when members share power, and the importance of impartial leadership when trying to achieve consensus on how to prioritise resource use. However, the service delivery and finance managers did not manage to collaborate in the monthly finance meeting to develop realistic budgets, or to reprioritise expenditure when required. The resulting mistrust threatened to derail the other strategies, highlighting how critical trust is for collaboration.ConclusionEffective PFM requires authentic collaboration between service delivery and finance managers; formal processes alone will not achieve this. We recommend more opportunities for ‘boundary crossing’, embedding finance managers in service delivery units and impartial effective leadership.

Update on the Financing of the Fund's Concessional Assistance and Debt Relief to Low-Income Member Countries

Policy Papers ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 09 (71) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Debt Relief ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Executive Board ◽  
The Status

This paper provides a semi-annual review of the status of financing for the Fund’s concessional lending and debt relief to low-income countries (LICs). Since the last review, the Executive Board has approved comprehensive reforms of the Fund’s concessional lending instruments and financing framework. This update is based on data available at end-August and also takes into account the implications of these reforms.

A New Architecture of Facilities for Low-Income Countries

Policy Papers ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 09 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Executive Board ◽  
New Facilities

This paper proposes a new facilities architecture for Low-Income Countries. It is based on "Option 2" set out in the framework paper discussed by the Executive Board on March 20, 2009. The new architecture provides a unified facilities framework for LICs under a new Poverty Reduction and Growth Trust (PRGT). The facilities are distinguished primarily by the duration of the financing and adjustment needs and the conditionality standard.

scholarly journals The Analysis of Government Expenditures in the European Union

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-151
Author(s):  
Florica Mioara Serban ◽  
◽  
Carmen- Elena Stoenoiu
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Government Expenditure ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Government Expenditures ◽  
The European Union ◽  
General Government ◽  
Period Data

This article analyses data on general government expenditure, at the level of the European Union (EU 28) according to the Classification of the Functions of Government – COFOG over the 2008-2017 period. Data shows that the expenditures increased at the beginning of the economic crisis in all EU countries, being followed by a slowdown in expenditures growth. All countries have adopted policies in order to reduce government expenditures towards the end of the period, aiming to increase their efficiency. Usually in high-income countries, compared with low-income countries, government expenditures are much larger as percent of gross domestic product (GDP), but the relations are not very strong though.

Report of the Managing Director to the International Monetary and Financial Committee on the IMF's Policy Agenda

Policy Papers ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 2006 (57) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Policy Agenda ◽  
Medium Term ◽  
Executive Board ◽  
The Past ◽  
Board Of Governors ◽  
Key Aspects

This report provides an update on the work and direction of the Fund since the 2006 Spring Meetings and for the period ahead. Over the past six months work has concentrated on implementing key aspects of the Medium-Term Strategy (MTS), especially in the areas of surveillance and quotas and voice. In surveillance, the new multilateral consultation has been launched, the Board is reviewing the Fund’s general decision on surveillance (the 1977 Decision on Surveillance over Exchange Rate Policies), and it has discussed the possibility of setting a remit for surveillance based on a set of objectives and priorities. Progress is being made on quotas and voice and specific proposals are contained in the report and resolution from the Executive Board to the Board of Governors. Work in other areas has focused on the role of the Fund in emerging markets and low-income countries (LICs), building institutions and capacity, and managing an effective institution.

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