Abstract
Introduction
Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD) is an inherited muscle dystrophy often accompanied by cardiac abnormalities in the form of supraventricular arrhythmias, conduction defects, sinus node dysfunction. Cardiac phenotype typically arises years after skeletal muscle presentations, though, can be severe and life-threatening. The disease usually manifests during the third decade of life with elbow joint contractions and progressive muscle weakness and atrophy.
Objective
To present our clinical experience of diagnosis and treatment of arrhythmias in children with Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy
Materials and methods
We enrolled 5 patients with different forms of EDMD (X-linked and autosomal dominant) linked to the mutations in EMD and LMNA genes, presented with early onset of cardiac abnormalities and no leading skeletal muscle phenotype. The predominant forms of cardiac pathology were atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation and conduction disturbances that progress over time.
Clinical examination included physical examination, 12-lead electrocardiography, Holter ECG monitoring (HM), transthoracic echocardiography, neurological examination and biochemical and hormone tests. Also we performed CMR, electrophysiological study (EPS), treadmill test of some patients. One patient underwent an endomyocardial biopsy to exclude inflammatory heart disease. Target sequencing was performed using a panel of 108 or 172 genes
Results
We observed five patients with EDMD and cardiac debut during first-second decades of life: 3 with 1st subtype (variants in EMD gene) and 2 with 2nd subtype (variants in LMNA gene). All patients were males. The mean age of cardiac manifestation was 13,2±3,11 (from 9 to 16 y.o.). The mean follow-up period was 7,4±2,6 years.
All patients presented with sinus node dysfunction and four out of five with AV conduction abnormalities. The leading arrhythmic phenotypes included various types of supraventricular arrhythmias: multifocal atrial tachycardia (AT) (n=4), premature atrial captures (PACs) (n=4), atrial flutter, (AF) (n=3), atrial fibrillation (AFib) (n=3) and AV nodal recurrent tachycardia (AVRNT). Heart rhythm disorders were the first manifestation in all three patients with 1st EDMD subtype. Radiofrequency ablation was performed in 2 patients, one of them received permanent pacemaker implantation.
Conclusions
In conclusion, while being the rare cases, heart rhythm disorders can represent the first and for a long time, the only clinical symptom of EDMD even in the pediatric group of patients. Therefore, thorough laboratory and neurological screening along with genetic studies, are of importance in each pediatric patient presenting with complex heart rhythm disorders of primary supraventricular origin to exclude EDMD or other neuromuscular disorders.
FUNDunding Acknowledgement
Type of funding sources: None.
Survey of class Ic antiarrhythmic agents for incurable supraventricular arrhythmias. Efficacy for drug resistent atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter.
