scholarly journals The Effects of Prior Host Experience and Egg Load on Host Acceptance Behavior of the Parasitoid Itoplectis naranyae (Hymenoptera : Ichneumonidae) on Empty Hosts

10.5109/9282 ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-67
Author(s):  
Kanako Ueno ◽  
Takatoshi Ueno
Keyword(s):  
Egg Load ◽  
Host Acceptance

Ephestia kuehniella Zeller as a Factitious Host for Telenomus remus Nixon: Host Acceptance and Suitability

2002 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Martínez-Martínez ◽  
Julio S. Bernal
Keyword(s):  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
Egg Parasitoid ◽  
Accessory Gland ◽  
Ephestia Kuehniella ◽  
Egg Load ◽  
Host Acceptance ◽  
Adult Size ◽  
Parasitism Rates ◽  
Novel Host ◽  
Telenomus Remus

Telenomus remus Nixon is an egg parasitoid used against fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), in various countries of the Americas. The feasibility of rearing T. remus at lower cost and greater efficiency on a novel host, Ephestia kuehniella Zeller, was addressed in a two-part study. The first part of the study compared acceptance of eggs of E. kuehniella, fall armyworm, and E. kuehniella with a kairomone from the accessory gland of fall armyworm females. Acceptance was assessed as residence time on eggs and parasitism rates. Females of T. remus spent more time and showed higher parasitism rates on eggs of fall armyworm followed by those of E. kuehniella with kairomone, and E. kuehniella. The second part of the study compared the suitability of eggs of fall armyworm versus eggs of E. kuehniella for development of T. remus. Suitability was assessed by comparing various fitness components between parasitoids reared on fall armyworm and E. kuehniella. Compared to T. remus reared on eggs of fall armyworm, those reared on eggs of E. kuehniella had longer egg to adult developmental times, shorter longevities, and reduced egg loads and adult sizes. In contrast, significant differences were not evident in levels of fluctuating asymmetry (lengths of hind tibiae and distances between apices of stigmata and hamular folds of forewings) between T. remus reared on eggs of fall armyworm or E. kuehniella. Longevity was not significantly correlated with adult size, or the correlation was poor, whereas egg load and adult size were significantly correlated in females reared both on fall armyworm and E. kuehniella.

Egg Load Evolution in Parasitoids

2000 ◽  
Vol 156 (6) ◽  
pp. 650
Author(s):  
Ellers ◽  
Sevenster ◽  
Driessen
Keyword(s):  
Egg Load

scholarly journals Potential host ranges of three Asian larval parasitoids of Drosophila suzukii

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kent M. Daane ◽  
Xingeng Wang ◽  
Brian N. Hogg ◽  
Antonio Biondi
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Classical Biological Control ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
The Body ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Egg Load ◽  
Drosophila Suzukii ◽  
Larval Parasitoids ◽  
Female Body Size

AbstractAsobara japonica (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Ganaspis brasiliensis and Leptopilina japonica (Hymenoptera: Figitidae) are Asian larval parasitoids of spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae). This study evaluated these parasitoids’ capacity to attack and develop from 24 non-target drosophilid species. Results showed that all three parasitoids were able to parasitize host larvae of multiple non-target species in artificial diet; A. japonica developed from 19 tested host species, regardless of the phylogenetic position of the host species, L. japonica developed from 11 tested species; and G. brasiliensis developed from only four of the exposed species. Success rate of parasitism (i.e., the probability that an adult wasp successfully emerged from a parasitized host) by the two figitid parasitoids was low in hosts other than the three species in the melanogaster group (D. melanogaster, D. simulans, and D. suzukii). The failure of the figitids to develop in most of the tested host species appears to correspond with more frequent encapsulation of the parasitoids by the hosts. The results indicate that G. brasiliensis is the most host specific to D. suzukii, L. japonica attacks mainly species in the melanogaster group and A. japonica is a generalist, at least physiologically. Overall, the developmental time of the parasitoids increased with the host’s developmental time. The body size of female A. japonica (as a model species) was positively related to host size, and mature egg load of female wasps increased with female body size. We discuss the use of these parasitoids for classical biological control of D. suzukii.

scholarly journals Assortments of Digestive Enzymes Induced in First Instar Larvae of Busseola fusca Feeding on Different Plants

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 117954331984352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gérald Juma ◽  
Bruno Le Ru ◽  
Paul-André Calatayud
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Digestive Enzymes ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Busseola Fusca ◽  
Stem Borer ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Host Acceptance ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Sub Saharan

The stem borer Busseola fusca (Fuller) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is an important pest of maize and sorghum in sub-Saharan Africa. This insect has oligophagous feeding habits, feeding mostly on maize and sorghum with a narrow range of wild Poaceous plant species. We hypothesised that first instar B. fusca larvae, the critical stage for successful establishment on a host plant, can establish and then grow on a particular plant as a result of induction of a complement of digestive enzymes that mediates host acceptance at first instars. A fast semi-quantitative analysis of potentially digestive enzymatic activities present in the first larvae previously fed for 4 days on leaves of host and non-host plants was performed using the API-ZYM kit system able to detect a multiplex of enzyme activities. Regardless of the plant species, the larvae exhibited higher activities of the carbohydrate metabolising enzymes than of aminopeptidases and proteases. In addition, highest activities of carbohydrates degrading enzymes were exhibited by larvae that consumed leaves of the most preferred plant species of B. fusca. Conversely, esterases were only detected in neonate larvae that consumed leaves of the less preferred and non-host plants. No alkaline phosphatase and lipase activities were detected. The significance of these results was discussed in terms of food requirements of first instar larvae when settling on a plant.

scholarly journals Praziquantel in a Clay Nanoformulation Shows More Bioavailability and Higher Efficacy against Murine Schistosoma mansoni Infection

2015 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 3501-3508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gina S. El-Feky ◽  
Wael S. Mohamed ◽  
Hanaa E. Nasr ◽  
Naglaa M. El-Lakkany ◽  
Sayed H. Seif el-Din ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Schistosoma Mansoni ◽  
Rate Constant ◽  
Elimination Rate ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Egg Load ◽  
Potential Cost ◽  
Time Curve ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Mmt Clay

ABSTRACTConsideration of existing compounds always simplifies and shortens the long and difficult process of discovering new drugs specifically for diseases of developing countries, an approach that may add to the significant potential cost savings. This study focused on improving the biological characteristics of the already-existing antischistosomal praziquantel (PZQ) by incorporating it into montmorillonite (MMT) clay as a delivery carrier to overcome its known bioavailability drawbacks. The oral bioavailability of a PZQ-MMT clay nanoformulation and itsin vivoefficacy againstSchistosoma mansoniwere investigated. The PZQ-MMT clay nanoformulation provided a preparation with a controlled release rate, a decrease in crystallinity, and an appreciable reduction in particle size. Uninfected and infected mice treated with PZQ-MMT clay showed 3.61- and 1.96-fold and 2.16- and 1.94-fold increases, respectively, in area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 8 h (AUC0–8) and maximum concentration of drug in serum (Cmax), with a decrease in elimination rate constant (kel) by 2.84- and 1.35-fold and increases in the absorption rate constant (ka) and half-life (t1/2e) by 2.11- and 1.51-fold and 2.86- and 1.34-fold, respectively, versus the corresponding conventional PZQ-treated groups. This improved bioavailability has been expressed in higher efficacy of the drug, where the dose necessary to kill 50% of the worms was reduced by >3-fold (PZQ 50% effective dose [ED50] was 20.25 mg/kg of body weight for PZQ-MMT clay compared to 74.07 mg/kg for conventional PZQ), with significant reduction in total tissue egg load and increase in total immature, mature, and dead eggs in most of the drug-treated groups. This formulation showed better bioavailability, enhanced antischistosomal efficacy, and a safer profile despite the longer period of residence in the systemic circulation. Although the conventional drug's toxicity was not examined, animal mortality rates were not different between groups receiving the test PZQ-clay nanoformulation and conventional PZQ.

Ovigeny strategy of the parasitic wasp Cosmocomoidea annulicornis (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae): effect of female age, feeding and host availability on reproductive traits

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Carolina Manzano ◽  
Eduardo G. Virla ◽  
Maria V. Coll Araoz ◽  
Erica Luft-Albarracin
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Parasitic Wasp ◽  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
Reproductive Traits ◽  
Egg Load ◽  
Biological Traits ◽  
Potential Fecundity ◽  
Female Age ◽  
Host Availability ◽  
Egg Maturation

Abstract The reproductive traits of the mymarid wasp Cosmocomoidea annulicornis (Ogloblin) (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) attacking eggs of the sharpshooter Tapajosa rubromarginata (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) were evaluated under laboratory conditions. Bioassays were carried out to estimate the realized fecundity and egg load of females. The ovigeny index was calculated and different biological traits, such as body size, oöcyte length, gaster length and wing length, were analysed to assess significant associations between these traits and the species fitness. In addition, the effect of host availability and feeding on longevity and potential fecundity throughout life and the effect of female age on egg maturation dynamics were assessed. The results showed that C. annulicornis is a strongly synovigenic species. A positive correlation was found between fecundity and longevity of the females and between body size and oöcyte length. Contrary to expected, body size was not related to fecundity and longevity. Females lived significantly longer in the presence of hosts and honey than when they were host-deprived and honey-fed or both host and honey deprived. Host availability had a significant effect on the amount of eggs laid by C. annulicornis females. Female age was negatively associated with oöcyte length. Furthermore, females were able to mature additional eggs as they aged, nevertheless, when host-deprived, senescent females presented significantly less mature eggs than younger ones, suggesting a possible egg oosorption. These results might contribute to a better understanding of the reproductive potential of this species as a biocontrol agent.

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