scholarly journals Potential host ranges of three Asian larval parasitoids of Drosophila suzukii

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kent M. Daane ◽  
Xingeng Wang ◽  
Brian N. Hogg ◽  
Antonio Biondi
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Classical Biological Control ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
The Body ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Egg Load ◽  
Drosophila Suzukii ◽  
Larval Parasitoids ◽  
Female Body Size

AbstractAsobara japonica (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Ganaspis brasiliensis and Leptopilina japonica (Hymenoptera: Figitidae) are Asian larval parasitoids of spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae). This study evaluated these parasitoids’ capacity to attack and develop from 24 non-target drosophilid species. Results showed that all three parasitoids were able to parasitize host larvae of multiple non-target species in artificial diet; A. japonica developed from 19 tested host species, regardless of the phylogenetic position of the host species, L. japonica developed from 11 tested species; and G. brasiliensis developed from only four of the exposed species. Success rate of parasitism (i.e., the probability that an adult wasp successfully emerged from a parasitized host) by the two figitid parasitoids was low in hosts other than the three species in the melanogaster group (D. melanogaster, D. simulans, and D. suzukii). The failure of the figitids to develop in most of the tested host species appears to correspond with more frequent encapsulation of the parasitoids by the hosts. The results indicate that G. brasiliensis is the most host specific to D. suzukii, L. japonica attacks mainly species in the melanogaster group and A. japonica is a generalist, at least physiologically. Overall, the developmental time of the parasitoids increased with the host’s developmental time. The body size of female A. japonica (as a model species) was positively related to host size, and mature egg load of female wasps increased with female body size. We discuss the use of these parasitoids for classical biological control of D. suzukii.

Host species critical for offspring fitness and sex ratio for an oligophagous parasitoid: implications for host coexistence

2010 ◽  
Vol 100 (6) ◽  
pp. 735-740 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.A. Stenberg ◽  
P.A. Hambäck
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Resource Competition ◽  
Apparent Competition ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Offspring Fitness ◽  
Female Body Size ◽  
Differential Outcomes ◽  
Strong Asymmetry

AbstractIn theory, inferior apparent competitors sharing a natural enemy with superior apparent competitors should be excluded in the absence of stabilising factors. Nevertheless, plentiful examples of coexisting apparent competitors exist. In this paper, we show that parasitoid resource competition within hosts affects both parasitoid sex ratio and female body size, with implication for population growth and apparent competition between the two closely related hosts experiencing a strong asymmetry in their interaction. While the superior competitor delivers parasitoids with higher fitness to the shared parasitoid pool, the inferior competitor delivers a higher proportion of female parasitoids. Hence, the inferior host experience an inflow of fit parasitoids from the superior competitor, which should increase the risk of exclusion, but also an outflow of parasitoid females, which should reduce the risk of exclusion and increase stability. We conclude that differential outcomes of parasitoid resource competition in different host species may have profound effects on shared parasitoid populations and should be included in future studies of apparent competition between hosts.

Abundance of chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Amblycera and Ischnocera) increases with the body size of their host woodpeckers and sapsuckers (Aves: Piciformes: Picidae)

2017 ◽  
Vol 149 (4) ◽  
pp. 473-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry D. Galloway ◽  
Robert J. Lamb
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Host Species ◽  
The Body ◽  
Louse Infestation ◽  
Mean Intensity ◽  
Chewing Lice ◽  
Host Body ◽  
Northern Flicker ◽  
Host Body Mass

AbstractSpecimens of five species of woodpeckers (Piciformes: Picidae) from Manitoba, Canada, were weighed and examined for chewing lice, 1998–2015: downy woodpecker (Picoides pubescens (Linnaeus), n=49), hairy woodpecker (Picoides villosus (Linnaeus), n=23), pileated woodpecker (Dryocopus pileatus (Linnaeus), n=10), northern flicker (Colaptes auratus (Linnaeus), n=170), and yellow-bellied sapsucker (Sphyrapicus varius (Linnaeus), n=239). The relationship between body mass of each host species and infestation by seven species of lice was analysed: Menacanthus pici (Denny) from all host species, Brueelia straminea (Denny) from Picoides Lacépède species, Penenirmus jungens (Kellogg) from northern flicker, Penenirmus auritus (Scopoli) from the other four hosts, Picicola porisma Dalgleish from northern flicker, Picicola snodgrassi (Kellogg) from Picoides species, and Picicola marginatulus (Harrison) from pileated woodpeckers. Mean abundance of lice increased with the mean mass of their host. Neither the species richness of lice nor the prevalence of lice were related to host body mass. Host body mass explained 98% of the variation in mean intensity of louse infestation among hosts. The positive association of mean intensity and body size was also detected for three genera of lice. Louse intensity also increased with body size for individual birds, more so for some species of lice and hosts than others. Body size matters, but the adaptations that allow higher mean intensity on larger host species remain to be determined.

scholarly journals PENGUKURAN PANJANG TUBUH CACING NIPAH PENDEK Namalycastis abiuma (POLYCHAETA: NEREDIDAE) DARI PERAIRAN MANGROVE SUNGAI KAPUAS KALIMANTAN BARAT

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-189
Author(s):  
Junardi Junardi
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Anterior Segment ◽  
Total Body Length ◽  
The Body ◽  
Female Body Size ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Total Body ◽  
The Relationship

AbstrakCacing Nipah Pendek Namalycastis abiuma memiliki tubuh yang elastis dan mudah putus sehingga diperlukan pendekatan morfometri tubuh lain untuk menentukan panjang tubuh sesungguhnya. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menentukan panjang tubuh total cacing nipah pendek dengan menggunakan bobot tubuh, jumlah total segmen berseta, panjang tiga segmen anterior pertama (L3) dan lebar segmen berseta atau setiger ke-10 (S-10). Spesimen yang digunakan dipilih hanya individu yang lengkap dan utuh. Pengukuran dilakukan dibawah mikroskop dengan lensa okular yang dilengkapi dengan mikrometer. Data dianalisis dengan analisis korelasi. Cacing yang digunakan sebanyak 258 individu yang terdiri atas 190 immature, 54 submature dan 14 mature dengan ukuran panjang tubuh rata-rata berturut-turut 108,62±34,80 mm, 172,27±42,78 mm dan 123,14±57,40 mm. Cacing betina ditemukan memiliki ukuran tubuh lebih besar dari jantan. Panjang tubuh N. abiuma dapat diduga dengan bobot tubuh, panjang L3 dan lebar S-10 dengan nilai koefisien korelasi (r) berturut-turut 0,82, 0,73 dan 0,78. Pendekatan morfometri dapat digunakan untuk menentukan ukuran tubuh N. abiuma.Abstract The short nypa palm worm Namalycastis abiuma has an elastic and fragile body. Therefore, an alternative approach of morphometrical techniques is needed to determine the total body length. This research aimed to estimate the total body length of the short nypa palm worm based on body weight, the total number of segments, the length of the first three anterior segment (L3) and the tenth setiger width (S10). Body measurement was done using stereomicroscope fitted with the micrometer. Correlation analysis was done to describe the relationship between the length of L3 and the width of S10. A total of 258 complete and whole specimens consisted of 190 immature, 54 submature, and 14 mature individuals. The average body length of immature individuals was 108.62±34.80 mm, 172.27±42.78 mm for sub mature individuals, and 123.14±57.40 mm for mature individuals. Based on sexual dimorphism, the female body size is larger than male. The body length of N. abiuma can be estimated by body weight, the length of L3, and the  width of S10, with  correlation coefficient (r) of 0.82, 0.73 and 0.78, respectively. Morphometry approach can be used to determine the body size of N. abiuma. 

Body size preferences among young women in five Arab countries: a cross-cultural study

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 417-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulrahman O. Musaiger
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Cultural Study ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Arab Countries ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sociocultural Factors ◽  
Female Body Size ◽  
Cross Cultural Study ◽  
The University

Abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to highlight body size preferences among university females in five Arab countries. Methods: The sample comprised 1134 females between 17 and 32 years old from universities in five Arab countries: Bahrain, Egypt, Jordan, Oman and Syria. A silhouette figure scale was used to examine body size preferences. Results: There were significant differences between countries regarding female body size preferences (p<0.001) and for preferred body size for men (p<0.001). In general, the university females preferred a thinner body size for themselves than that perceived for men. Conclusion: There was a drastic change in body size preferences for women from plumpness to thinness. Sociocultural factors may play a role in the differences in the body size preferences between countries.

Modern and fossil insects body size as a possible proxy to understand environments of the past

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viktor Baranov ◽  
Blue Hunter-Moffatt ◽  
Sajad Noori ◽  
Simon Schölderle ◽  
Joachim T. Haug
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
The Body ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Fossil Insects ◽  
Biting Midges ◽  
The Holocene ◽  
The Past ◽  
Modern Species ◽  
First Results ◽  
Fossil Records

&lt;p&gt;The fossil records of Insects is quite rich and abundant, telling a story of the group&amp;#8217;s rise through the Paleozoic, with the subsequent conquest of sea, land, freshwater and finally, for the first time in history of animals &amp;#8211; air. Fossil insects also can tell us about the environment they lived in. It is relatively common to use insect remnants, especially head capsules of&amp;#160; non-biting midges (Diptera, Chironomidae) preserved in the sediments from the period including several last Ice ages the Holocene (11650 Years BC &amp;#8211; Present) to reconstruct temperatures and the climate patterns of the past. Most of the midges in the Holocene are representatives of modern species, which allows us to extrapolate their ecology from the modern representatives of the same species. Based on our knowledge of the temperature preference of this modern species we can quite easily reconstruct and model their temperature preferences in the past.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Reconstruction of the temperature optimums of all the taxa in the community, together with analyses of the other paleoecological proxies (i.e. plant pollen profiles) enables us to assess the range of the temperatures experienced by the area in which midge samples of Chironomidae was obtained in the Holocene and latest Pleistocene. We cannot rely on such ecological extrapolation from the modern animals' ecology for the animal&amp;#8217;s fossil records from the deep past, for example from Cretaceous or Triassic periods.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Therefore, we are proposing a more universally applicable climate proxy, independent of our knowledge of the fossil organism&amp;#8217;s ecology. Animal size is one of the best candidates for such proxy. It is well known that the body size of the homoeothermic (&amp;#8220;warm-blooded&amp;#8221;) animals follows (roughly) so-called Bergman rule when size within the group of organisms is increasing from South to North ( i.e. polar bear and Amur tiger are both the northernmost and the largest representatives of their respective groups). We hypothesized that flies (Diptera) are suitable candidates for a quantitative paleoclimate proxy. Flies are very abundant in the fossil records from the mid Triassic (245 Mya) up until modern time. Their size is appears directly negatively correlated with temperature, i.e. representatives occurring further North are larger than the ones from the equatorial regions. This relationship allows us to use the relationships between the insect size and the geographic latitude at which they occur and the temperature at which these insects occur. Here we present a first results from analysis of &gt; 2000 species of Chironomidae from around the globe, in a phylogenetic-constrained framework. First results are showing that non-biting midge&amp;#8217;s wing and body size is growing by about 0.02 mm per one degree of geographical latitude, as one moves from the equator, mostly regardless of the phylogenetic position of the species analysed. This first results are showing that Insect size might be a promising proxy for reconstructing the palaeotemperature.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;div&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

A STUDY OF SIZE INHERITANCE IN THE HOUSE MOUSE: II. ANALYSIS OF FIVE PRELIMINARY CROSSES

1952 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Butler
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Litter Size ◽  
Environmental Variability ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hybrid Vigor ◽  
Female Body Size ◽  
Large Litter ◽  
Respective Parent ◽  
Selection Experiments ◽  
The Difference

Five crosses were made between mice of different body size, and over 2000 mice were raised in the F1, F2, and backcross generations. The body weight at 60 days after birth was used as the criterion of size. The male means were always larger than the corresponding female means and the difference in weight between the two sexes increased progressively with body size. Litter size and sequence had no effect on body size. The adequacy of the gram scale was tested with inconclusive results which indicated that in at least two crosses some other scale should be used. Log-grams were substituted for grams and gave a good fit in cross No. 3 but not in crosses Nos. 1 and 2. The evidence from selection experiments, environmental variability, and sex differences in size indicate that on a gram scale at least part of the factors which affect body size are proportionate rather than additive in nature. In all five crosses the F1 and F2 means are intermediate between the parents. The backcross means are halfway between the F1 and the respective parent. Only one cross showed increased size in the F1 which might be interpreted as due to heterosis. Reciprocal crosses gave significantly different results and the dissimilarity was carried over into the next generation. This difference was attributed to the environmental effects of female body size. As expected, the variances of the P1's and the F1 were similar but, contrary to expectation, the F2 variance was no larger than that of the F1. Litter size showed a different type of inheritance. One cross between P1's with mean litter sizes of 5.1 and 10.2 gave an F1 mean of 13.2 young. This was tentatively interpreted as dominance of large litter size and hybrid vigor allowing more embryoes to reach parturition.

Reproductive aspects of the shrimp Cuapetes americanus (Kingsley, 1878) (Caridea, Palaemonidae) from Bocas del Toro, Panama

Crustaceana ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 90 (7-10) ◽  
pp. 1061-1078 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana Negri ◽  
Tatiana Magalhães ◽  
Natália Rossi ◽  
Darryl L. Felder ◽  
Fernando L. Mantelatto
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Female Body ◽  
Reproductive Output ◽  
Reproductive Traits ◽  
The Body ◽  
Female Size ◽  
Energy Investment ◽  
Western Atlantic ◽  
Bocas Del Toro ◽  
Female Body Size

The shrimpCuapetes americanusis widely distributed in shallow waters of the western Atlantic Ocean, inhabiting sandy and rocky bottoms, macroalgae, seagrass beds, and mangrove roots. As the life cycle and ecology of this species remain poorly known, we investigated some reproductive traits of this species at Bocas del Toro, Panama. We collected and examined 167 individuals (63 males, 58 non-ovigerous females and 46 ovigerous females). Although males numerically dominated the larger size classes, ovigerous females were significantly larger than males and non-ovigerous females. All 46 ovigerous females were used to calculate embryo loss and embryo volume increase. Only females with eggs at an initial developmental stage () were used to estimate fecundity and reproductive output. A mean of 75.84 ± 40.16 embryos () occurred per female, a value near those reported for other species of Pontoniinae. A positive correlation between fecundity and female body size was observed, but it lacked significance. Likewise, a significant correlation between female body size and embryo volume was not detected. Embryo volume increased 35%, and females lost 26% of embryos on average during the incubation period, though significant changes were measurable only during early embryonic development. Mean reproductive output in the analysed reproductive event (0.22 ± 0.11, ) suggested a rate of energy investment in reproduction higher than average, as compared to females of most other decapods. A decrease in relative reproductive output was observed with the increase of female size, indicating that larger females were investing proportionally less energy in reproduction than smaller ones, when measured in relation to the body size, but this correlation also lacked significance. We review how these initial insights on reproduction ofC. americanusat Bocas del Toro compare to those of other populations in various localities.

Host species influences body size and egg load of the bark beetle parasitoid Roptrocerus xylophagorum (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)

2003 ◽  
Vol 135 (5) ◽  
pp. 737-740 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sherah L. VanLaerhoven ◽  
Fred M. Stephen
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Host Range ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Host Size ◽  
Egg Load ◽  
Positive Relationships ◽  
Roptrocerus Xylophagorum ◽  
Wide Host Range ◽  
The Relationship

As early as 1844, it was stated that the size of the host may influence the size of parasitoid adults (Ratzeburg 1844) and that parasitoid size may affect fecundity (Salt 1941). Although positive relationships between host and parasitoid body size have been supported in the literature (Tillman and Cate 1993; Heimpel and Rosenheim 1995), this relationship is not universal to all host–parasitoid systems (King 1991; Morse 1994). Although the relationship between host size and body size of parasitoid adults has been observed for some bark beetle parasitoids (Bushing 1967; Samson 1984), the relationship between body size and fecundity has not been studied for bark beetle parasitoids. Roptrocerus xylophagorum Ratzeburg (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) is a bark beetle parasitoid with a wide host range that includes beetles in the genera Dendroctonus, Ips, and Scolytus (Bushing 1967).

scholarly journals First Report of Leptopilina japonica in Europe

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 611
Author(s):  
Simone Puppato ◽  
Alberto Grassi ◽  
Federico Pedrazzoli ◽  
Antonio De Cristofaro ◽  
Claudio Ioriatti
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Classical Biological Control ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Drosophila Suzukii ◽  
Cherry Tree ◽  
Egg Maturation ◽  
Fruit Samples ◽  
Future Direction ◽  
First Time

Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura; Diptera: Drosophilidae) is a key pest of sweet cherry and small fruits worldwide. Biological control remains unutilized in the framework of D. suzukii management. Nonetheless, natural enemies may play an important role in regulating this pest. We report for the first time the presence of Leptopilina japonica Novković and Kimura (Hymenoptera: Figitidae) in Europe. Two specimens emerged from ripened fruits and one was collected after direct observation on a cherry tree in June 2019. They showed the distinctive morphological traits already described and shared more than 99% sequence similarity with specimens of L. japonica collected in Asia. This first finding was confirmed by a wider survey carried out in 2020; L. japonica emerged from cherry fruit samples collected in five other sites across the Trentino region, suggesting that L. japonica has already colonized a wide area. Detection of this Asian species is relevant to the future direction in managing D. suzukii, both in Europe and North America. In fact, L. japonica showed similarity with Ganaspis brasiliensis (Ihering) (Hymenoptera: Figitidae), the most promising candidate for the classical biological control, in terms of developmental time, egg maturation, host age preference and lifetime fecundity.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document