scholarly journals Environmental impacts of shipping in 2030 with a particular focus on the Arctic region

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1941-1955 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. B. Dalsøren ◽  
B. H. Samset ◽  
G. Myhre ◽  
J. J. Corbett ◽  
R. Minjares ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Carbon ◽  
Sulfur Content ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
Atmospheric Pollutants ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Ship Emissions ◽  
High Scenario ◽  
The Arctic Region

Abstract. We quantify the concentrations changes and Radiative Forcing (RF) of short-lived atmospheric pollutants due to shipping emissions of NOx, SOx, CO, NMVOCs, BC and OC. We use high resolution ship emission inventories for the Arctic that are more suitable for regional scale evaluation than those used in former studies. A chemical transport model and a RF model are used to evaluate the time period 2004–2030, when we expect increasing traffic in the Arctic region. Two datasets for ship emissions are used that characterize the potential impact from shipping and the degree to which shipping controls may mitigate impacts: a high (HIGH) scenario and a low scenario with Maximum Feasible Reduction (MFR) of black carbon in the Arctic. In MFR, BC emissions in the Arctic are reduced with 70% representing a combination technology performance and/or reasonable advances in single-technology performance. Both scenarios result in moderate to substantial increases in concentrations of pollutants both globally and in the Arctic. Exceptions are black carbon in the MFR scenario, and sulfur species and organic carbon in both scenarios due to the future phase-in of current regulation that reduces fuel sulfur content. In the season with potential transit traffic through the Arctic in 2030 we find increased concentrations of all pollutants in large parts of the Arctic. Net global RFs from 2004–2030 of 53 mW m−2 (HIGH) and 73 mW m−2 (MFR) are similar to those found for preindustrial to present net global aircraft RF. The found warming contrasts with the cooling from historical ship emissions. The reason for this difference and the higher global forcing for the MFR scenario is mainly the reduced future fuel sulfur content resulting in less cooling from sulfate aerosols. The Arctic RF is largest in the HIGH scenario. In the HIGH scenario ozone dominates the RF during the transit season (August–October). RF due to BC in air, and snow and ice becomes significant during Arctic spring. For the HIGH scenario the net Arctic RF during spring is 5 times higher than in winter.

scholarly journals Environmental impacts of shipping in 2030 with a particular focus on the Arctic region

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 26647-26684 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. B. Dalsøren ◽  
B. H. Samset ◽  
G. Myhre ◽  
J. J. Corbett ◽  
R. Minjares ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Carbon ◽  
Sulfur Content ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
Atmospheric Pollutants ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Ship Emissions ◽  
Combination Technology ◽  
High Scenario ◽  
The Arctic Region

Abstract. We quantify the concentrations change of atmospheric pollutants and Radiative Forcing (RF) of short-lived components due to shipping emissions of NOx, SOx, CO, NMVOCs, BC and OC. A set of models is used to evaluate the period 2004–2030. This time period reflects expected increasing traffic in the Arctic region. Two datasets for ship emissions are used that may characterize the potential impact from shipping and the degree to which shipping controls may mitigate impacts: A high (HIGH) scenario and a low scenario with Maximum Feasible Reduction (MFR) of black carbon in the Arctic. In MFR, BC emissions in the Arctic are reduced with 70% representing a combination technology performance and/or reasonable advances in single-technology performance. Both scenarios result in moderate to substantial increases in concentrations of pollutants both globally and in the Arctic. Exceptions are black carbon in the MFR scenario, and sulfur species and organic carbon in both scenarios due to the future phase-in of current regulation that reduces fuel sulfur content. In the season with potential transit traffic through the Arctic in 2030 significant increases occur for all pollutants in large parts of the Arctic. Net global RFs from 2004–2030 of 53 mW m−2 (HIGH) and 73 mW m−2 (MFR) are similar to those found for preindustrial to present net global aircraft RF. The found warming contrasts the cooling from historical ship emissions. The reason for this difference and the higher global forcing for the MFR scenario is mainly the reduced future fuel sulfur content resulting in less cooling from sulfate aerosols. Arctic regional forcing is largest in the HIGH scenario because other components become locally more important in polar latitudes. In the HIGH scenario ozone dominates the RF during Arctic summer and the transit season. RF due to BC in air, and snow and ice becomes of significance in Arctic spring. For the HIGH scenario the net Arctic RF during spring is 5 times higher than in winter.

scholarly journals Effects of mixing state on optical and radiative properties of black carbon in the European Arctic

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (19) ◽  
pp. 14037-14057 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Zanatta ◽  
Paolo Laj ◽  
Martin Gysel ◽  
Urs Baltensperger ◽  
Stergios Vratolis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Carbon ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Mass Concentration ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Absorption Enhancement ◽  
Mixing State ◽  
Aerosol Radiative Forcing ◽  
Internal Mixing ◽  
The Arctic Region

Abstract. Atmospheric aging promotes internal mixing of black carbon (BC), leading to an enhancement of light absorption and radiative forcing. The relationship between BC mixing state and consequent absorption enhancement was never estimated for BC found in the Arctic region. In the present work, we aim to quantify the absorption enhancement and its impact on radiative forcing as a function of microphysical properties and mixing state of BC observed in situ at the Zeppelin Arctic station (78∘ N) in the spring of 2012 during the CLIMSLIP (Climate impacts of short-lived pollutants in the polar region) project. Single-particle soot photometer (SP2) measurements showed a mean mass concentration of refractory black carbon (rBC) of 39 ng m−3, while the rBC mass size distribution was of lognormal shape, peaking at an rBC mass-equivalent diameter (DrBC) of around 240 nm. On average, the number fraction of particles containing a BC core with DrBC>80 nm was less than 5 % in the size range (overall optical particle diameter) from 150 to 500 nm. The BC cores were internally mixed with other particulate matter. The median coating thickness of BC cores with 220 nm < DrBC< 260 nm was 52 nm, resulting in a core–shell diameter ratio of 1.4, assuming a coated sphere morphology. Combining the aerosol absorption coefficient observed with an Aethalometer and the rBC mass concentration from the SP2, a mass absorption cross section (MAC) of 9.8 m2 g−1 was inferred at a wavelength of 550 nm. Consistent with direct observation, a similar MAC value (8.4 m2 g−1 at 550 nm) was obtained indirectly by using Mie theory and assuming a coated-sphere morphology with the BC mixing state constrained from the SP2 measurements. According to these calculations, the lensing effect is estimated to cause a 54 % enhancement of the MAC compared to that of bare BC particles with equal BC core size distribution. Finally, the ARTDECO radiative transfer model was used to estimate the sensitivity of the radiative balance to changes in light absorption by BC as a result of a varying degree of internal mixing at constant total BC mass. The clear-sky noontime aerosol radiative forcing over a surface with an assumed wavelength-dependent albedo of 0.76–0.89 decreased, when ignoring the absorption enhancement, by −0.12 W m−2 compared to the base case scenario, which was constrained with mean observed aerosol properties for the Zeppelin site in Arctic spring. The exact magnitude of this forcing difference scales with environmental conditions such as the aerosol optical depth, solar zenith angle and surface albedo. Nevertheless, our investigation suggests that the absorption enhancement due to internal mixing of BC, which is a systematic effect, should be considered for quantifying the aerosol radiative forcing in the Arctic region.

scholarly journals Sensitivity of Arctic sulfate aerosol and clouds to changes in future surface seawater dimethylsulfide concentrations

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 6419-6435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rashed Mahmood ◽  
Knut von Salzen ◽  
Ann-Lise Norman ◽  
Martí Galí ◽  
Maurice Levasseur
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
Sulfate Aerosol ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Surface Seawater ◽  
Cloud Radiative Forcing ◽  
Future Global Warming ◽  
Arctic Surface ◽  
The Arctic Region

Abstract. Dimethylsulfide (DMS), outgassed from ocean waters, plays an important role in the climate system, as it oxidizes to methane sulfonic acid (MSA) and sulfur dioxide (SO2), which can lead to the formation of sulfate aerosol. Newly formed sulfate aerosol resulting from DMS oxidation may grow by condensation of gases, in-cloud oxidation, and coagulation to sizes where they may act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and influence cloud properties. Under future global warming conditions, sea ice in the Arctic region is expected to decline significantly, which may lead to increased emissions of DMS from the open ocean and changes in cloud regimes. In this study we evaluate impacts of DMS on Arctic sulfate aerosol budget, changes in cloud droplet number concentration (CDNC), and cloud radiative forcing in the Arctic region under current and future sea ice conditions using an atmospheric global climate model. Given that future DMS concentrations are highly uncertain, several simulations with different surface seawater DMS concentrations and spatial distributions in the Arctic were performed in order to determine the sensitivity of sulfate aerosol budgets, CDNC, and cloud radiative forcing to Arctic surface seawater DMS concentrations. For any given amount and distribution of Arctic surface seawater DMS, similar amounts of sulfate are produced by oxidation of DMS in 2000 and 2050 despite large increases in DMS emission in the latter period due to sea ice retreat in the simulations. This relatively low sensitivity of sulfate burden is related to enhanced sulfate wet removal by precipitation in 2050. However simulated aerosol nucleation rates are higher in 2050, which results in an overall increase in CDNC and substantially more negative cloud radiative forcing. Thus potential future reductions in sea ice extent may cause cloud albedos to increase, resulting in a negative climate feedback on radiative forcing in the Arctic associated with ocean DMS emissions.

scholarly journals Black Carbon Emissions from the Siberian Fires 2019: Modelling of the Atmospheric Transport and Possible Impact on the Radiation Balance in the Arctic Region

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 814
Author(s):  
Sergey Kostrykin ◽  
Anastasia Revokatova ◽  
Alexey Chernenkov ◽  
Veronika Ginzburg ◽  
Polina Polumieva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Carbon ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Radiation Balance ◽  
Climatic Effects ◽  
Fire Emissions ◽  
Trajectory Model

The work is devoted to the study of the climatic effects of black carbon (BC) transferred from forest fires to the Arctic zone. The HYSPLIT (The Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory model) trajectory model was used to initially assess the potential for particle transport from fires. The results of the trajectory analysis of the 2019 fires showed that the probability of the transfer of particles to the Arctic ranges from 1% to 10%, and in some cases increases to 20%. Detailed studies of the possible influence of BC ejected as a result of fires became possible by using the climate model of the INMCM5 (Institute of Numerical Mathematics Climate Model). The results of the numerical experiments have shown that the maximum concentration of BC in the Arctic atmosphere is observed in July and August and is associated with emissions from fires. The deposition of BC in the Arctic increases by about 1.5–2 times in the same months, in comparison with simulation without forest fire emissions. This caused an average decrease in solar radiation forcing of 0.3–0.4 Wt/m2 and an increase in atmospheric radiation heating of up to 5–6 Wt/m2. To assess the radiation forcing from BC contaminated snow, we used the dependences of the change in the snow albedo on the snow depth, and the albedo of the underlying surface for a given amount of BC fallen on the snow. These dependences were constructed on the basis of the SNICAR (Snow, Ice, and Aerosol Radiative) model. According to our calculations, the direct radiative forcing from BC in the atmosphere with a clear sky is a maximum of 4–5 W/m2 in July and August.

scholarly journals Effects of mixing state on optical and radiative properties of black carbon in the European Arctic

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Zanatta ◽  
Paolo Laj ◽  
Martin Gysel ◽  
Urs Baltensperger ◽  
Stergios Vratolis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Carbon ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Particle Diameter ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
Climate Impacts ◽  
Radiative Properties ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Absorption Enhancement ◽  
Equivalent Diameter ◽  
Mixing State

Abstract. Atmospheric aging promotes internal mixing of black carbon (BC) leading to an enhancement of light absorption and radiative forcing. The relationship between BC mixing state and consequent absorption enhancement was never estimated for BC found in the Arctic region. In the present work, we aim to quantify the absorption enhancement and its impact on radiative forcing as a function of microphysical properties and mixing state of BC observed in-situ at the Zeppelin Arctic station (78° N) in the spring of 2012 during the CLIMSLIP (Climate impacts of short-lived pollutants in the Arctic) project. Single particle soot photometer (SP2) measurements showed a mean mass concentration of refractory black carbon (rBC) of 39 ng m−3, while the rBC mass size distribution was of log-normal shape peaking at an rBC mass equivalent diameter (DrBC) of around 240 nm. On average, the number fraction of particles containing a BC core with DrBC > 80 nm was less than 5 % in the size range (overall optical particle diameter) from 150–500 nm. The BC cores were internally mixed with other particulate matter. The median coating thickness of BC cores with 220 nm 

scholarly journals Sensitivity of Arctic sulfate aerosol and clouds to changes in future surface seawater dimethylsulfide concentrations

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rashed Mahmood ◽  
Knut von Salzen ◽  
Ann-Lise Norman ◽  
Martí Galí ◽  
Maurice Levasseur
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
Sulfate Aerosol ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Surface Seawater ◽  
Cloud Radiative Forcing ◽  
Future Global Warming ◽  
Arctic Surface ◽  
The Arctic Region

Abstract. Dimethylsulfide (DMS), outgassed from ocean waters, plays an important role in the climate system, as it oxidizes to methane sulfonic acid (MSA) and sulfur dioxide (SO2), which can lead to the formation of sulfate aerosol. Newly formed sulfate aerosol resulting from DMS oxidation may grow by condensation of gases, in-cloud oxidation, and coagulation to sizes where they may act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and influence cloud properties. Under future global warming conditions, sea-ice in the Arctic region is expected to decline significantly, which may lead to increased emissions of DMS from the open ocean and changes in cloud regimes. In this study we evaluate impacts of DMS on Arctic sulfate aerosol budget, changes in cloud droplet number concentration (CDNC), and cloud radiative forcing in the Arctic region under current and future sea ice conditions using an atmospheric global climate model. Given that future DMS concentrations are highly uncertain, several simulations with different surface seawater DMS concentrations and spatial distributions in the Arctic were performed in order to determine the sensitivity of sulfate aerosol budgets, CDNC, and cloud radiative forcing to Arctic surface seawater DMS concentrations. For any given amount and distribution of Arctic surface seawater DMS, similar amounts of sulfate are produced by oxidation of DMS in 2000 and 2050 despite large increases in DMS emission in the latter period due to sea ice retreat in the simulations. This relatively low sensitivity of sulfate burden is related to enhanced sulfate wet removal by precipitation in 2050. However simulated aerosol nucleation rates are higher in 2050, which results in an overall increase in CDNC and substantially more negative cloud radiative forcing. Thus potential future reductions in sea ice extent may cause cloud albedos to increase, resulting in a negative climate feedback on radiative forcing in the Arctic associated with ocean DMS emissions.

scholarly journals The black carbon content variations in the Arctic region during 2011 - 2018

2020 ◽  
Vol 606 ◽  
pp. 012024
Author(s):  
V M Kopeikin ◽  
V P Shevchenko ◽  
G V Malafeev ◽  
A N Novigatsky ◽  
N V Pankratova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Content ◽  
Black Carbon ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Black Carbon Content ◽  
The Arctic Region

scholarly journals Cross-polar transport and scavenging of Siberian aerosols containing black carbon during the 2012 ACCESS summer campaign

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (18) ◽  
pp. 10969-10995 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Christophe Raut ◽  
Louis Marelle ◽  
Jerome D. Fast ◽  
Jennie L. Thomas ◽  
Bernadett Weinzierl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Carbon ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Convective Precipitation ◽  
Svalbard Archipelago ◽  
Wet Removal ◽  
The Arctic Region

Abstract. During the ACCESS airborne campaign in July 2012, extensive boreal forest fires resulted in significant aerosol transport to the Arctic. A 10-day episode combining intense biomass burning over Siberia and low-pressure systems over the Arctic Ocean resulted in efficient transport of plumes containing black carbon (BC) towards the Arctic, mostly in the upper troposphere (6–8 km). A combination of in situ observations (DLR Falcon aircraft), satellite analysis and WRF-Chem simulations is used to understand the vertical and horizontal transport mechanisms of BC with a focus on the role of wet removal. Between the northwestern Norwegian coast and the Svalbard archipelago, the Falcon aircraft sampled plumes with enhanced CO concentrations up to 200 ppbv and BC mixing ratios up to 25 ng kg−1. During transport to the Arctic region, a large fraction of BC particles are scavenged by two wet deposition processes, namely wet removal by large-scale precipitation and removal in wet convective updrafts, with both processes contributing almost equally to the total accumulated deposition of BC. Our results underline that applying a finer horizontal resolution (40 instead of 100 km) improves the model performance, as it significantly reduces the overestimation of BC levels observed at a coarser resolution in the mid-troposphere. According to the simulations at 40 km, the transport efficiency of BC (TEBC) in biomass burning plumes was larger (60 %), because it was impacted by small accumulated precipitation along trajectory (1 mm). In contrast TEBC was small (< 30 %) and accumulated precipitation amounts were larger (5–10 mm) in plumes influenced by urban anthropogenic sources and flaring activities in northern Russia, resulting in transport to lower altitudes. TEBC due to large-scale precipitation is responsible for a sharp meridional gradient in the distribution of BC concentrations. Wet removal in cumulus clouds is the cause of modeled vertical gradient of TEBC, especially in the mid-latitudes, reflecting the distribution of convective precipitation, but is dominated in the Arctic region by the large-scale wet removal associated with the formation of stratocumulus clouds in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) that produce frequent drizzle.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document