scholarly journals Spatial and temporal variability of sources of ambient fine particulate matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) in California

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (22) ◽  
pp. 12085-12097 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Hasheminassab ◽  
N. Daher ◽  
A. Saffari ◽  
D. Wang ◽  
B. D. Ostro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Total Mass ◽  
Fine Particulate Matter ◽  
The State ◽  
Vehicular Emissions ◽  
San Jose ◽  
Annual Average ◽  
Fine Particulate ◽  
Sampling Locations

Abstract. To identify major sources of ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5, dp < 2.5 μm) and quantify their contributions in the state of California, a positive matrix factorization (PMF) receptor model was applied on Speciation Trends Network (STN) data, collected between 2002 and 2007 at eight distinct sampling locations, including El Cajon, Rubidoux, Los Angeles, Simi Valley, Bakersfield, Fresno, San Jose, and Sacramento. Between five to nine sources of fine PM were identified at each sampling site, several of which were common among multiple locations. Secondary aerosols, including secondary ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate, were the most abundant contributor to ambient PM2.5 mass at all sampling sites, except for San Jose, with an annual average cumulative contribution of 26 to 63%, across the state. On an annual average basis, vehicular emissions (including both diesel and gasoline vehicles) were the largest primary source of fine PM at all sampling sites in southern California (17–18% of total mass), whereas in Fresno and San Jose, biomass burning was the most dominant primary contributor to ambient PM2.5 (27 and 35% of total mass, respectively), in general agreement with the results of previous source apportionment studies in California. In Bakersfield and Sacramento, vehicular emissions and biomass burning displayed relatively equal annual contributions to ambient PM2.5 mass (12 and 25%, respectively). Other commonly identified sources at all sites included aged and fresh sea salt and soil, which contributed to 0.5–13%, 2–27%, and 1–19% of the total mass, respectively, across all sites and seasons. In addition, a few minor sources were identified exclusively at some of the sites (e.g., chlorine sources, sulfate-bearing road dust, and different types of industrial emissions). These sources overall accounted for a small fraction of the total PM mass across the sampling locations (1 to 15%, on an annual average basis).

scholarly journals Spatial and temporal variability of sources of ambient fine particular matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) in California

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (14) ◽  
pp. 20045-20081 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Hasheminassab ◽  
N. Daher ◽  
A. Saffari ◽  
D. Wang ◽  
B. D. Ostro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Total Mass ◽  
Sampling Site ◽  
The State ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variability ◽  
Vehicular Emissions ◽  
San Jose ◽  
Industrial Emissions ◽  
Annual Average ◽  
Sampling Locations

Abstract. To identify major sources of ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5, dp<2.5 μm) and quantify their contributions in the state of California, positive matrix factorization (PMF) receptor model was applied on speciation trends network (STN) data, collected between 2002 and 2007 at 8 distinct sampling locations, including El Cajon, Rubidoux, Los Angeles, Simi Valley, Bakersfield, Fresno, San Jose, and Sacramento. Between five to nine sources of fine PM were identified at each sampling site, several of which were common among multiple locations. Secondary aerosols, including secondary ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate, were the most abundant contributor to ambient PM2.5 at all sampling sites, except for San Jose, with an annual average cumulative contribution of 26 to 63%, across the state. On an annual average basis, vehicular emissions (including both diesel and gasoline vehicles) were the largest primary source of fine PM at all sampling sites in southern California (17–18% of total mass), whereas in Fresno and San Jose, biomass burning was the most dominant primary contributor to ambient PM2.5 (27 and 35% of total mass, respectively), in general agreement with the results of previous source apportionment studies in California. In Bakersfield and Sacramento, vehicular emissions and biomass burning displayed relatively equal annual contributions to ambient PM2.5 mass (12 and 25%, respectively). Other commonly identified sources at all sites included aged and fresh sea salt as well as soil, which contributed to 0.5–13%, 2–27%, and 1–19% of the total mass, respectively, across all sites and seasons. In addition, few minor sources were exclusively identified at some of the sites (e.g. chlorine sources, sulfate-bearing road dust, and different types of industrial emissions). These sources overall accounted for a small fraction of the total PM mass across the sampling locations (1 to 15%, on an annual average basis).

The Impact of The Pico Y Placa Policy On Fine Particulate Matter In Lima, Peru

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yovitza Romero ◽  
Priyanka deSouza ◽  
Fabio Duarte ◽  
Patrick Kinney ◽  
Carlo Ratti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Fine Particulate Matter ◽  
Vehicular Emissions ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Pollution Levels ◽  
Particulate Matter Concentration ◽  
Fine Particulate ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City ◽  
Matter Concentration

Abstract Lima has been ranked among the top most polluted cities in the Americas. Vehicular emissions are the dominant source of pollution in the city. In order to reduce congestion and pollution levels during the XVIII Pan- and Parapan-American Games, Lima government officials enacted the pico y placa policy to restrict the number of vehicles on certain heavily trafficked roads in the city at rush hours between Monday to Thursday based on the last digit of their license plates. This policy was retained after the Games. In this paper we evaluate the impact of this policy on fine particulate matter concentration levels (PM2.5) at a background site in the city using a difference-in-difference approach. We find that the policy resulted in increases on PM2.5 levels on Monday-Thursday compared to Friday-Sunday levels after the policy was enacted, compared to previous years. However, such an increase was not significant. These results suggest the need for additional policies to reduce pollution due to traffic in Lima. It also suggests the need to track the response to this policy over time to evaluate its efficacy.

scholarly journals Sources and oxidative potential of water-soluble humic-like substances (HULIS<sub>WS</sub>) in fine particulate matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) in Beijing

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiqiu Ma ◽  
Yubo Cheng ◽  
Xinghua Qiu ◽  
Gang Cao ◽  
Yanhua Fang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Fine Particulate Matter ◽  
Waste Incineration ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Redox Activity ◽  
Aerosol Formation ◽  
Heating Season ◽  
Secondary Aerosol ◽  
Fine Particulate

Abstract. Water-soluble humic-like substances (HULISWS) are a major redox-active component of ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5); however, information on their sources and associated redox activity is limited. In this study, total HULISWS, various HULISWS species, and HULISWS-associated dithiothreitol (DTT) activity were quantified in PM2.5 samples collected during a 1-year period in Beijing. Strong correlation was observed between HULISWS and DTT activity; both exhibited higher levels during the heating season than during the non-heating season. Positive matrix factorization analysis of both HULISWS and DTT activity was performed. Four combustion-related sources, namely coal combustion, biomass burning, waste incineration, and vehicle exhaust, and one secondary factor were resolved. In particular, waste incineration was identified as a source of HULISWS for the first time. Biomass burning and secondary aerosol formation were the major contributors (> 59 %) to both HULISWS and associated DTT activity throughout the year. During the non-heating season, secondary aerosol formation was the most important source, whereas during the heating season, the predominant contributor was biomass burning. The four combustion-related sources accounted for > 70 % of HULISWS and DTT activity, implying that future reduction in PM2.5 emissions from combustion activities can substantially reduce the HULISWS burden and their potential health impact in Beijing.

scholarly journals Burden of cardiovascular diseases associated with fine particulate matter in Beijing, China: an economic modelling study

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. e003160
Author(s):  
Yawen Jiang ◽  
Shan Jiang ◽  
Weiyi Ni
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Fine Particulate Matter ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Medical Costs ◽  
Economic Modelling ◽  
Annual Average ◽  
Fine Particulate ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Qaly Loss

ObjectiveTo evaluate the economic and humanistic burden associated with cardiovascular diseases that were attributable to fine particulate matter (≤ 2.5 μg/m3 in aerodynamic diameter; PM2.5) in Beijing.MethodsThis study used a health economic modelling approach to compare the actual annual average PM2.5 concentration with the PM2.5 concentration limit (35 µg/m3) as defined by the Chinese Ambient Air Quality Standard in terms of cardiovascular disease outcomes in Beijing adult population. The outcomes included medical costs, quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) and net monetary loss (NML). Beijing annual average PM2.5 concentration was around 105 µg/m3 during 2013–2015. Therefore, we estimated the differences in cardiovascular outcomes of Beijing adults between exposure to the PM2.5 concentration of 105 µg/m3 and exposure to the concentration of 35 µg/m3. According to WHO estimates, the hazard ratios of coronary heart disease and stroke associated with the increase of PM2.5 concentration from 35 to 105 µg/m3 were 1.15 and 1.29, respectively.ResultsThe total 1-year excess medical costs of cardiovascular diseases associated with PM2.5 pollution in Beijing was US$147.9 million and the total 1-year QALY loss was 92 574 in 2015, amounting to an NML of US$2281.8 million. The expected lifetime incremental costs for a male Beijing adult and a female Beijing adult were US$237 and US$163, the corresponding QALY loss was 0.14 and 0.12, and the corresponding NML was US$3514 and US$2935.ConclusionsPM2.5-related cardiovascular diseases imposed high economic and QALY burden on Beijing society. Continuous and intensive investment on reducing PM2.5 concentration is warranted even when only cardiovascular benefits are considered.

scholarly journals Sources and oxidative potential of water-soluble humic-like substances (HULIS<sub>WS</sub>) in fine particulate matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) in Beijing

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 5607-5617 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiqiu Ma ◽  
Yubo Cheng ◽  
Xinghua Qiu ◽  
Gang Cao ◽  
Yanhua Fang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Fine Particulate Matter ◽  
Waste Incineration ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Redox Activity ◽  
Aerosol Formation ◽  
Heating Season ◽  
Secondary Aerosol ◽  
Fine Particulate

Abstract. Water-soluble humic-like substances (HULISWS) are a major redox-active component of ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5); however, information on their sources and associated redox activity is limited. In this study, HULISWS mass concentration, various HULISWS species, and dithiothreitol (DTT) activity of HULISWS were quantified in PM2.5 samples collected during a 1-year period in Beijing. Strong correlation was observed between HULISWS and DTT activity; both exhibited higher levels during the heating season than during the nonheating season. Positive matrix factorization analysis of both HULISWS and DTT activity was performed. Four combustion-related sources, namely coal combustion, biomass burning, waste incineration, and vehicle exhausts, and one secondary factor were resolved. In particular, waste incineration was identified as a source of HULISWS for the first time. Biomass burning and secondary aerosol formation were the major contributors (> 59 %) to both HULISWS and associated DTT activity throughout the year. During the nonheating season, secondary aerosol formation was the most important source, whereas during the heating season, the predominant contributor was biomass burning. The four combustion-related sources accounted for > 70 % of HULISWS and DTT activity, implying that future reduction in PM2.5 emissions from combustion activities can substantially reduce the HULISWS burden and their potential health impact in Beijing.

Risk assessment to health of schoolchildren on exposure to ozone and fine particulate matter from biomass burning in the city of Rio Branco – AC.

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 (1) ◽  
pp. 5227
Author(s):  
Pãmela Rodrigues de Souza Silva ◽  
Beatriz Fátima Alves de Oliveira ◽  
Washington Leite Junger ◽  
Sandra Hacon ◽  
Eliane Ignotti
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Fine Particulate Matter ◽  
Fine Particulate ◽  
The City

Studies on characteristics of fine particulate matter emissions from agricultural residue combustion

2021 ◽  
pp. 0958305X2199799
Author(s):  
Minwook Kim ◽  
Seunghyun Jo ◽  
Jiyun Woo ◽  
Eui-Chan Jeon
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Fine Particulate Matter ◽  
Agricultural Residues ◽  
Environmental Research ◽  
Emission Characteristics ◽  
Agricultural Residue ◽  
Open Burning ◽  
Fine Particulate

Biomass burning is largely divided into six types: open burning, agricultural waste burning, meat and fish roasts, wood stoves and boilers, furnaces, and charcoal burners. Biomass burning is largely characterized by incomplete combustion due to the difficulty of appropriate control, which results in the emission of a large amount of air pollutants and the generation of harmful substances such as volatile organic compounds (National Institute of Environmental Research, 2014). Burning agricultural residue releases a large amount of fine particulate matter (PM). Open burning of agricultural residue, burning agricultural residues without incineration facility, in the rural areas are frequently observed Therefore, management based on accurate analysis of emission characteristics is needed. In Korea, most agricultural residues except for rice straw are incinerated in the field. Agricultural residues with a high incineration ratio are Chili and Perilla. The characteristics of PM emission by agricultural residues combustion were analyzed for Chili and Perilla. PM measuring equipment are Stack sampling system and Cascade Impactor (PM10, PM2.5 Impactor, Johnas, Paul Gothe GmBH). This study, the emission characteristics of PM-10, PM-2.5 generated in the combustion of agricultural residues were examined in consideration of moisture content.

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