Green hydrogen economy and opportunities for India

With increasing numbers of vehicles on roads, India is facing the issue of large vehicular emissions. The burning of crude oil is the major issue behind these emissions. India doesn’t have enough resources to fulfill all the energy demands of vehicles and hence, imports crude oil from oil-rich countries. To tackle the issues associated with oil imports and vehicular emissions, there is a need to search for carbon-free alternate fuel that is available locally in sufficient quantity to meet India’s energy demands. The green economy is a new concept evolving and gaining attention worldwide, the concept focuses on sustainable and environmentally friendly solutions. Hydrogen is such a carbon-free fuel that can help to achieve the targets of the green economy and the best means to store energy for a long time. Hydrogen is a high energy content fuel and has about zero greenhouse gas emissions when used in fuel cells. Hydrogen is not directly available in free form, but it can be produced using electrolyzers and various other techniques. India’s continuously growing renewable power generation capacity gives the advantage to produce hydrogen from green sources like solar, and wind at the time of lower demand. The present review work focuses on the opportunities for India in green hydrogen production as the adaption of green hydrogen offers many benefits to India including energy security, and decarbonizing the transport sector.

Multivariate Analysis of Vehicular Emissions in Parts of Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria

The focus of this study is to monitor the incidence of vehicular emissions in some parts of Benin City in addition to studying the spatial variation of the pollutant using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). Seven (7) georeferenced sampling points were employed for data collection and gaseous pollutants such as; dinitrogen oxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO) including the total radiation were monitored in the morning and evening for 35 days with the aid of portable toxic gas monitors and radiation alert meters. Also measured were maximum temperature and wind speed using infra-red thermometers and portable anemometer respectively. From the result, it was observed that for temperature, the mean ± standard deviation during morning session was 30.549 ± 1.3716 and during evening season it was 28.879 ± 1.1788. For NO2, the mean ± standard deviation during morning session was 0.0181 ± 0.01119 and during evening season it was 0.0230 ± 0.01282. For CO, the mean ± standard deviation during morning session was 0.5428 ± 0.36396 and during evening season it was 0.6169 ± 0.32395. For total radiation, the mean ± standard deviation during morning session was 0.247 ± 0.1285 and during evening season it was 0.281 ± 0.1298. On the significance difference of the overall results, it was revealed that the difference in concentration of vehicular emissions during the early hours of the morning and peak hours of evening is significant. With a calculated partial Eta squared based on Pillai’s trace of 0.325, it was concluded that; there exist about 32.50% variability among the dependent variables.

The Impact of The Pico Y Placa Policy On Fine Particulate Matter In Lima, Peru

Lima has been ranked among the top most polluted cities in the Americas. Vehicular emissions are the dominant source of pollution in the city. In order to reduce congestion and pollution levels during the XVIII Pan- and Parapan-American Games, Lima government officials enacted the pico y placa policy to restrict the number of vehicles on certain heavily trafficked roads in the city at rush hours between Monday to Thursday based on the last digit of their license plates. This policy was retained after the Games. In this paper we evaluate the impact of this policy on fine particulate matter concentration levels (PM2.5) at a background site in the city using a difference-in-difference approach. We find that the policy resulted in increases on PM2.5 levels on Monday-Thursday compared to Friday-Sunday levels after the policy was enacted, compared to previous years. However, such an increase was not significant. These results suggest the need for additional policies to reduce pollution due to traffic in Lima. It also suggests the need to track the response to this policy over time to evaluate its efficacy.

Impact of Heavy Metals Consumption on Human Health: A Literature Review

While some heavy metals are essential trace components, many are bio toxic in human biochemistry. As a result, a full grasp of underlying systems is required. For supporting life and minimizing environmental damage, we must grasp their sources, liquidation techniques, chemical modifications, and deposition patterns These metals are discharged into the environment by both natural and human activity, including mining, industrial operations, and vehicular emissions. Soils and groundwater are contaminated when they leak into subsurface fluids and eventually into the aquifer. The world's commerce and coordinating systems frequently generate environmental toxicity and poisoning. Swallowed, they generate bio toxic compounds, lose structural integrity, and block bio reactions. This study's goal is to learn more about heavy metals and their bio toxic effects on humans.

Assessing the overwhelming metals in roadside soils of fundamental roads in Jos city, Nigeria

Studying the heavy metals in roadside soils is very important in evaluating the probable automobile emission’s environmental effects on the soil. To conduct the study, the soil samples were gathered and examined for the Pb, Zn, Mn, Cu, Ni, Cd, Co and Fe levels by the use of AAS. It was found that the order of the mean total metal content for the examined metals: Fe > Zn > Mn > Pb > Cd > Cu has a decreasing trend. Other than Cd, it was reported that all metals are lower compared to the levels of those found in other studies. Not involving Co and Ni shows that there is no pollution because of such metals. A correlation analysis was performed between metals and the traffic volume (V), indicating that there is a significant positive correlation (p < 0.05) between Pb, Cd and Mn, and V. In addition, the vehicular emissions are the main reason for originating the metal pollution in the soil for example motor vehicles. For this reason, the present study presents an applied approach to control the level of such metals.

Influence of vehicular emissions on metropolitan trees using chlorophyll contents

The study assessed carbon sequestration potential of the identified trees {Gmelina, Mango, Neem, Masquerade, Step and Cassia} along the five selected roadsides in Abeokuta metropolitan. Leaves of the identified trees were plucked, digested in triplicate and analysed for chlorophyll (Ch) A, B and A+B contents using UV-visible spectrophotometer. Obtained data were subjected to descriptive and inferential statistics while correlation analysis for relationship between the analysed leaf Ch contents. Results indicated that leaf chlorophyll contents varied. The ranking of tree to metropolitan vehicular emission along roadsides was Neem < Gmelina < Mango < Masquerade tree. Correlation matrix analysis indicated that production of the Ch contents across the roadsides tree species was not alike and might be due to their specific reactions to vehicular emission. In conclusion, the order of Ch contents might be the tree species potential to withstand vehicular pollutants.

Comparative Study of Water Quality Parameters along NH, SH and Link Road of Shivalik Foothills in Himachal Pradesh

A study was conducted to evaluate the spatial and seasonal variation in the quality of the surface water sources along national highway, state highway and link road. Physicochemical properties of water were estimated using water samples collected during the pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon seasons in the year 2018 and 2019. The water quality parameters (pH, EC, Turbidity, TDS, BOD, COD, Cl-, NO3- and heavy metals) were calculated. The investigation revealed that pH (6.91-7.35), EC (0.17-0.29 dS m-1), TDS (140.12-175.54 mg l-1), Turbidity (2.34-3.87 NTU), BOD (2.25-2.89 mg l-1), COD (13.49-20.19 mg l-1), Cl- (14.36-30.15 mg l-1), NO3- (3.12-4.89 mg l-1) and various heavy metals were within permissible limits and varied significantly (p<0.05) on spatial variations. Maximum effects of vehicular emissions along the roadside water bodies were observed at NH followed by SH and minimum was noticed at LR. Among the seasons, maximum values of water quality parameters were observed during pre-monsoon season followed by monsoon and then post-monsoon.