Cloud Droplet Growth in Shallow Cumulus Clouds Considering 1D and 3D Thermal Radiative Effects
Abstract. The effect of 1D and 3D thermal radiation on cloud droplet growth in shallow cumulus clouds is investigated using large eddy simulations with size resolved cloud microphysics. A two step approach is used for separating microphysical effects from dynamical feedbacks. In step one, an offline parcel model with bin resolved microphysics is used where cloud droplets are grown along previously recorded Lagrangian trajectories. It is shown that thermal heating and cooling rates can enhance droplet growth and rain production. Droplets grow to larger size bins in the 10–30 μm radius range. The main effect in terms of rain production arises from recirculating parcels, where a small number of droplets is exposed to strong thermal cooling at cloud edge. These recirculating parcels, comprising about 6–7 % of all parcels investigated, make up 45 % of the accumulated rain rate for the no radiation simulation and up to 60 % when 3D radiative effects are considered. The effect of 3D thermal radiation on rain production is stronger than that of 1D thermal radiation. 3D thermal radiation can enhance the rain rate up to 40 % compared to standard droplet growth without radiative effects in this idealized framework. In the second stage, fully coupled large eddy simulations show that dynamical effects are stronger than microphysical effects, as far as the production of rain is concerned. 3D thermal radiative effects again exceed 1D thermal radiative effects. Small amounts of rain are produced in more clouds (over a larger area of the domain) when thermal radiation is applied to microphysics. The dynamical feedback is shown to be an enhanced cloud circulation with stronger subsiding shells at the cloud edges due to thermal cooling, and stronger updraft velocities in the cloud center. It is shown that an evaporation-circulation feedback reduces the amount of rain produced in simulations where 3D thermal radiation is applied to microphysics and dynamics, in comparison where 3D thermal radiation is only applied to dynamics.