scholarly journals Ocean acidification effects in the early life-stages of summer flounder, <i>Paralichthys dentatus</i>

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 13897-13929 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Chambers ◽  
A. C. Candelmo ◽  
E. A. Habeck ◽  
M. E. Poach ◽  
D. Wieczorek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Early Life Stages ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Summer Flounder ◽  
Paralichthys Dentatus ◽  
Co2 Levels ◽  
Acidic Conditions ◽  
Near Future

Abstract. The limited available evidence about effects of high CO2 and acidification of our oceans on fish suggests that effects will differ across fish species, be subtle, and interact with other stressors. An experimental framework was implemented that includes the use of (1) multiple marine fish species of relevance to the northeastern USA that differ in their ecologies including spawning season and habitat; (2) a wide yet realistic range of environmental conditions (i.e., concurrent manipulation of CO2 levels and water temperatures), and (3) a diverse set of response variables related to fish sensitivity to elevated CO2 levels, water temperatures, and their interactions. This report is on an array of early life-history responses of summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus), an ecologically and economically important flatfish of this region, to a wide range of pH and CO2 levels. Survival of summer flounder embryos was reduced by 50% below local ambient conditions (7.8 pH, 775 ppm pCO2) when maintained at the intermediate conditions (7.4 pH, 1860 ppm pCO2), and by 75% below local ambient when maintained at the most acidic conditions tested (7.1 pH, 4715 ppm pCO2). This pattern of reduced survival of embryos at higher CO2 levels was consistent among three females used as sources of embryos. Sizes and shapes of larvae were altered by elevated CO2 levels with longer larvae in more acidic waters. This pattern of longer larvae was evident at hatching (although longer hatchlings had less energy reserves) to midway through the larval period. Larvae from the most acidic conditions initiated metamorphosis at earlier ages and smaller sizes than those from more moderate and ambient conditions. Tissue damage was evident in older larvae (age 14 to 28 d post-hatching) from both elevated CO2 levels. Damage included liver sinusoid dilation, focal hyperplasia on the epithelium, separation of the trunk muscle bundles, and dilation of the liver sinusoids and central veins. Cranial-facial features were affected by CO2 levels that changed with ages of larvae. Skeletal elements of larvae from ambient CO2 environments were comparable or smaller than those from elevated CO2 environments when younger (14 d and 21 d post-hatching) but larger at older ages (28 d). The degree of impairment in the early life-stages of summer flounder due to elevated CO2 levels suggests that this species will be challenged by ocean acidification in the near future. Further experimental comparative studies on marine fish are warranted in order to identify the species, life-stages, ecologies, and responses that are most sensitive to increased levels of CO2 and acidity in near-future ocean waters, and a strategy is proposed for achieving these goals.

scholarly journals Effects of elevated CO<sub>2</sub> in the early life stages of summer flounder, <i>Paralichthys dentatus</i>, and potential consequences of ocean acidification

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1613-1626 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Chambers ◽  
A. C. Candelmo ◽  
E. A. Habeck ◽  
M. E. Poach ◽  
D. Wieczorek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Marine Fishes ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Early Life Stages ◽  
Summer Flounder ◽  
High Co2 ◽  
Paralichthys Dentatus ◽  
Co2 Levels ◽  
Ambient Co2

Abstract. The limited available evidence about effects on marine fishes of high CO2 and associated acidification of oceans suggests that effects will differ across species, be subtle, and may interact with other stressors. This report is on the responses of an array of early life history features of summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus), an ecologically and economically important flatfish of the inshore and nearshore waters of the Mid-Atlantic Bight (USA), to experimental manipulation of CO2 levels. Relative survival of summer flounder embryos in local ambient conditions (775 μatm pCO2, 7.8 pH) was reduced to 48% when maintained at intermediate experimental conditions (1808 μatm pCO2, 7.5 pH), and to 16% when maintained at the most elevated CO2 treatment (4714 ppm pCO2, 7.1 pH). This pattern of reduced survival of embryos at high-CO2 levels at constant temperature was consistent among offspring of three females used as experimental subjects. No reduction in survival with CO2 was observed for larvae during the first four weeks of larval life (experiment ended at 28 d post-hatching (dph) when larvae were initiating metamorphosis). Estimates of sizes, shapes, and developmental status of larvae based on images of live larvae showed larvae were initially longer and faster growing when reared at intermediate- and high-CO2 levels. This pattern of longer larvae – but with less energy reserves at hatching – was expressed through the first half of the larval period (14 dph). Larvae from the highest-CO2 conditions initiated metamorphosis at earlier ages and smaller sizes than those from intermediate- and ambient-CO2 conditions. Tissue damage was evident in larvae as early as 7 dph from both elevated-CO2 levels. Damage included dilation of liver sinusoids and veins, focal hyperplasia on the epithelium, and separation of the trunk muscle bundles. Cranio-facial features changed with CO2 levels in an age-dependent manner. Skeletal elements of larvae from ambient-CO2 environments were comparable or smaller than those from elevated-CO2 environments when younger (7 and 14 dph) but were larger at developmental stage at older ages (21 to 28 dph), a result consistent with the accelerated size-development trajectory of larvae at higher-CO2 environments based on analysis of external features. The degree of alterations in the survival, growth, and development of early life stages of summer flounder due to elevated-CO2 levels suggests that this species will be increasingly challenged by future ocean acidification. Further experimental studies on marine fishes and comparative analyses among those studies are warranted in order to identify the species, life stages, ecologies, and responses likely to be most sensitive to increased levels of CO2 and acidity in future ocean waters. A strategy is proposed for achieving these goals.

Assessing the relationship between critical acidic conditions in Maryland coastal plain streams and predicted mortality of early life stages of migratory fish

1993 ◽  
Vol 26 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 239-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lenwood W. Hall ◽  
Steven A. Fischer ◽  
William D. Killen ◽  
Michael C. Ziegenfuss ◽  
Ronald D. Anderson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Plain ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Migratory Fish ◽  
Early Life Stages ◽  
Acidic Conditions ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Plain Streams ◽  
Coastal Plain Streams

scholarly journals Elevated CO2 Leads to Enhanced Photosynthesis but Decreased Growth in Early Life Stages of Reef Building Coralline Algae

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Ordoñez ◽  
Daniel Wangpraseurt ◽  
Niclas Heidelberg Lyndby ◽  
Michael Kühl ◽  
Guillermo Diaz-Pulido
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Coralline Algae ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Early Life Stages

scholarly journals Is the perceived resiliency of fish larvae to ocean acidification masking more subtle effects?

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 17043-17070 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. C. Pope ◽  
R. P. Ellis ◽  
M. Scolamacchia ◽  
J. W. S. Scolding ◽  
A. Keay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Fish Larvae ◽  
Dicentrarchus Labrax ◽  
Sea Bass ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Daily Mortality ◽  
Early Life Stages ◽  
European Sea Bass ◽  
Near Future

Abstract. Ocean acidification, caused by rising concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2), is widely considered to be a major global threat to marine ecosystems. To investigate the potential effects of ocean acidification on the early life stages of a commercially important fish species, European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), 12 000 larvae were incubated from hatch through metamorphosis under a matrix of two temperatures (17 and 19 °C) and two seawater pCO2s (400 and 750 μatm) and sampled regularly for 42 days. Calculated daily mortality was significantly affected by both temperature and pCO2, with both increased temperature and elevated pCO2 associated with lower daily mortality and a significant interaction between these two factors. There was no significant pCO2 effect noted on larval morphology during this period but larvae raised at 19 °C possessed significantly larger eyes and lower carbon:nitrogen ratios at the end of the study compared to those raised under 17 °C. These results suggest that D. labrax larvae are resilient to near-future oceanic conditions. However, when the incubation was continued to post-metamorphic (juvenile) animals (day 67–69), fish raised under a combination of 19 °C and 750 μatm pCO2 were significantly heavier and exhibited lower aerobic scopes than those incubated at 19 °C and 400 μatm. Most other studies investigating the effects of near-future oceanic conditions on the early life stages of marine fish have used incubations of relatively short durations and suggested these animals are resilient to ocean acidification. We propose the durations of these other studies may be insufficient for more subtle effects, such as those observed in this study, to become apparent. These findings may have important implications for both sea bass in a changing ocean and also for the interpretation of results from other studies that have shown resiliency in marine teleosts exposed to higher atmospheric concentrations of CO2.

scholarly journals Effects of CO<sub>2</sub>-driven ocean acidification on early life stages of marine medaka (<i>Oryzias melastigma</i>)

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 3861-3868 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Mu ◽  
F. Jin ◽  
J. Wang ◽  
N. Zheng ◽  
Y. Cong
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Environmental Influence ◽  
Hatching Rate ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Early Life Stages ◽  
Marine Medaka ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Co2 Levels ◽  
Oryzias Melastigma

Abstract. The potential effects of high CO2 and associated ocean acidification (OA) in marine fishes and other non-calcified organisms are less well understood. In this study, we investigated the responses of early life stages (ELS) of marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) exposed to a series of experimental manipulation of CO2 levels. Results showed that CO2-driven seawater acidification (pH 7.6 and pH 7.2) had no detectable effect on hatching time, hatching rate, or heart rate of embryos. However, the deformity rate of larvae in the pH 7.2 treatment was significantly higher than that in the control treatment. There is no significant difference between the left and right otolith areas in each treatment. However, the average otolith area of larvae in the pH 7.6 treatment was significantly smaller than that in the control. Such alterations in the developmental abnormalities and otolith size of marine medaka larvae due to elevated-CO2 levels suggests that this species will be increasingly challenged by future OA. Further studies of the impacts of OA on marine fish to assess whether or not the environmental influence in one generation can affect the later life history and the phenotype of subsequent generations are needed.

Natural and anthropogenic effects on the early life stages of European anchovy in one of its essential fish habitats, the Guadalquivir estuary

2019 ◽  
Vol 617-618 ◽  
pp. 67-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
GF de Carvalho-Souza ◽  
E González-Ortegón ◽  
F Baldó ◽  
C Vilas ◽  
P Drake ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Anthropogenic Effects ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Early Life Stages ◽  
European Anchovy ◽  
Guadalquivir Estuary ◽  
Fish Habitats

Incubation Temperature Influences the Duration of Egg Hatching and Early Development in the Boreal Digging Frog, Kaloula Borealis

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. ACCEPTED
Author(s):  
Rho-Jeong Rae
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Early Life Stages ◽  
Egg Hatching ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Hatching Rates

This study investigated the boreal digging frog, Kaloula borealis, to determine the egg hatching period and whether the hatching period is affected by incubation temperature. The results of this study showed that all the eggs hatched within 48 h after spawning, with 28.1% (±10.8, n=52) hatching within 24 h and 99.9% (±0.23, n=49) within 48 h after spawning. A significant difference was noted in the mean hatching proportion of tadpoles at different water temperatures. The mean hatching rates between 15 and 24 h after spawning was higher at a water temperature of 21.1 (±0.2) °C than at 24.1 (±0.2) °C. These results suggest that incubation temperature affected the early life stages of the boreal digging frog, since they spawn in ponds or puddles that form during the rainy season.

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