3D Remote Sensing of Trace Gas Distributions with HAIDI (Heidelberg Airborne Imaging DOAS Instrument) - Power Plant and Ship Emissions observed during the EMeRGe Campaigns

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katja Bigge ◽  
Udo Frieß ◽  
Denis Pöhler ◽  
Ulrich Platt
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Radiative Transfer ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Trace Gases ◽  
Trace Gas ◽  
Radiative Transfer Model ◽  
Optical Absorption Spectroscopy ◽  
Transfer Model ◽  
Flight Altitude ◽  
Airborne Imaging

<p><span>Compared to ground-based or satellite measurements, atmospheric observations based on aircraft missions have many advantages, such as the potential to observe a large atmospheric volume using remote sensing measurements, among which Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) is a well established method for the observation of integrated trace gas concentrations along the light path. However, the interpretation of remote spectroscopic measurements using scattered sunlight is complicated due to the lack of prior knowledge on the light paths between sun and detector, and thus on the observed air volume. Using radiative transfer calculations, quantities commonly derived from DOAS measurements are integrated vertical columns of various trace gases, providing no information about their vertical distribution.</span></p><p><span>On the ground, tomographic approaches have been used to reconstruct the spatial distribution of trace gases by using multiple viewing directions and detectors. <!-- Bislang eigentlich höchstens 2D (Pöhler et al) oder 1D (MAX-DOAS Profil-retrieval) -->HAIDI, the Heidelberg Airborne Imaging DOAS Instrument, was designed to transfer this concept to the air. In addition to its excellent temporal and spatial resolution (40 m x 40 m at 1.5 km flight altitude, 266 m x 266 m at 10 km flight altitude, at 10 ms temporal resolution), HAIDI uses three separate scanning telescopes aimed at +/-45° forward- and backward looking angles and the nadir direction. In combination with a 3D radiative transfer model, this allows a reconstruction of the 3D distribution of the detected trace gases in the vicinity of the flight track.</span></p><p><span>HAIDI joined the EMerGe (Effect of Megacities on the Transport and transformation of Pollutants on the Regional to Global Scales) missions on HALO, the High Altitude and LOng range research aircraft based at DLR (German Aerospace Center) in Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany. The EMerGe missions targeted the emission outflows of megacities to investigate their compositions and the atmospheric impact of urban pollution in Europe (July 2017) and Asia (March 2018). HAIDI observed a number of trace gases such as NO<sub>2,</sub> SO<sub>2</sub> and HCHO. For NO<sub>2</sub> and SO<sub>2</sub> in particular, strong plumes originating from power plants and ships were found, which were then used for inversion of the 3D distribution of the plume and emission estimation. Here we present the method and results of the HAIDI measurements during the EMeRGe missions.</span></p>

scholarly journals Direct observation of two dimensional trace gas distribution with an airborne Imaging DOAS instrument

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 11879-11907 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.-P. Heue ◽  
T. Wagner ◽  
S. P. Broccardo ◽  
D. Walter ◽  
S. J. Piketh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Plants ◽  
Trace Gases ◽  
Tropospheric Chemistry ◽  
Trace Gas ◽  
Optical Absorption Spectroscopy ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Gas Distribution ◽  
Dimensional Distribution ◽  
Airborne Imaging

Abstract. In many investigations of tropospheric chemistry information about the two dimensional distribution of trace gases on a small scale (e.g. tens to hundreds of meters) is highly desirable. An airborne instrument based on imaging Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy has been built to map the 2-D distribution of a series of relevant trace gases including NO2, HCHO, C2H2O2, H2O, O4, SO2, and BrO on a scale of 100 m. Here we report on the first tests of the novel aircraft instrument over the industrialised South African Highveld, where large variations in NO2 column densities in the immediate vicinity of several sources e.g. power plants or steel works, were measured. The observed patterns in the trace gas distribution are interpreted with respect to flux estimates, and it is seen that the fine resolution of the measurements allows separate sources in close proximity to one another to be distinguished.

The impact of the OSIRIS grating efficiency on radiance and trace-gas retrievals

2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 469-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
C A McLinden ◽  
J C McConnell ◽  
K Strong ◽  
I C McDade ◽  
R L Gattinger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radiative Transfer ◽  
Diffraction Grating ◽  
Infrared Imaging ◽  
Imaging System ◽  
Trace Gas ◽  
Radiative Transfer Model ◽  
Optical Absorption Spectroscopy ◽  
Transfer Model ◽  
Efficiency Coefficient ◽  
The Impact

The optical spectrograph and infrared imaging system (OSIRIS), launched in 2001, is a UV–visible diffraction-grating instrument designed to measure light scattered from the Earth's limb. Laboratory measurements of the OSIRIS diffraction-grating efficiency reveal a sensitivity to polarization including an anomalous structure of width 20–30 nm introduced into light polarized in a direction perpendicular to the grooves of the grating. A vector radiative-transfer model was used to generate synthetic OSIRIS spectra in an effort to examine the effect of this on radiances and trace-gas retrievals. Radiances that included grating effects were found to deviate by nearly 10% from those that did not and also contained the anomalous structure. Performing differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) on these spectra revealed errors in ozone apparent column densities of up to 80 DU. The size of the error was controlled mainly by the difference in polarization between the two DOAS spectra. Two possible correction methods were investigated. The first was to remove the grating effects by applying a correction factor to the raw radiances calculated using the vector radiative-transfer model. The second was to include the efficiency coefficient spectra in the DOAS fit. PACS Nos.: 42.68Mj, 98.55Qf

scholarly journals MAX-DOAS measurements of atmospheric trace gases in Ny-Ålesund - Radiative transfer studies and their application

2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 955-966 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Wittrock ◽  
H. Oetjen ◽  
A. Richter ◽  
S. Fietkau ◽  
T. Medeke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radiative Transfer ◽  
Trace Gases ◽  
Radiative Transfer Model ◽  
Optical Absorption Spectroscopy ◽  
Transfer Model ◽  
Light Sources ◽  
Atmospheric Trace Gases ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Vertical Location

Abstract. A new approach to derive tropospheric concentrations of some atmospheric trace gases from ground-based UV/vis measurements is described. The instrument, referred to as the MAX-DOAS, is based on the well-known UV/vis instruments, which use the sunlight scattered in the zenith sky as the light source and the method of Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) to derive column amounts of absorbers like ozone and nitrogen dioxide. Substantial enhancements have been applied to this standard setup to use different lines of sight near to the horizon as additional light sources (MAX - multi axis). Results from measurements at Ny-Ålesund (79° N, 12° E) are presented and interpreted with the full-spherical radiative transfer model SCIATRAN. In particular, measurements of the oxygen dimer O4 which has a known column and vertical distribution in the atmosphere are used to evaluate the sensitivity of the retrieval to parameters such as multiple scattering, solar azimuth, surface albedo and refraction in the atmosphere and also to validate the radiative transfer model. As a first application, measurements of NO2 emissions from a ship lying in Ny-Ålesund harbour are presented. The results of this study demonstrate the feasibility of long term UV/vis multi axis measurement that can be used to derive not only column amounts of different trace gases but also some information on the vertical location of these absorbers.

scholarly journals Three-dimensional radiative transfer effects on airborne, satellite and ground-based trace gas remote sensing

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Schwaerzel ◽  
Claudia Emde ◽  
Dominik Brunner ◽  
Randulph Morales ◽  
Thomas Wagner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Radiative Transfer ◽  
High Spatial Resolution ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Trace Gas ◽  
Radiative Transfer Model ◽  
Transfer Model ◽  
Vertical Column ◽  
Different Types ◽  
3D Effects

Abstract. Air mass factors (AMF) are used in passive trace gas remote sensing for converting slant column densities (SCD) to vertical column densities (VCD). AMFs are traditionally computed with 1D radiative transfer models assuming horizontally homogeneous conditions. However, when observations are made with high spatial resolution in a heterogeneous atmosphere or above a heterogeneous surface, 3D effects may not be negligible. To study the importance of 3D effects on AMFs for different types of trace gas remote sensing, we implemented 1D-layer and 3D-box AMFs into the Monte Carlo radiative transfer model (RTM) MYSTIC. The 3D-box AMF implementation is fully consistent with 1D-layer AMFs under horizontally homogeneous conditions and agrees very well (

scholarly journals Direct observation of two dimensional trace gas distributions with an airborne Imaging DOAS instrument

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (22) ◽  
pp. 6707-6717 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.-P. Heue ◽  
T. Wagner ◽  
S. P. Broccardo ◽  
D. Walter ◽  
S. J. Piketh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Plants ◽  
Trace Gases ◽  
Tropospheric Chemistry ◽  
Trace Gas ◽  
Optical Absorption Spectroscopy ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Dimensional Distribution ◽  
Airborne Imaging ◽  
Fine Resolution

Abstract. In many investigations of tropospheric chemistry information about the two dimensional distribution of trace gases on a small scale (e.g. tens to hundreds of metres) is highly desirable. An airborne instrument based on imaging Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy has been built to map the two dimensional distribution of a series of relevant trace gases including NO2, HCHO, C2H2O2, H2O, O4, SO2, and BrO on a scale of 100 m. Here we report on the first tests of the novel aircraft instrument over the industrialised South African Highveld, where large variations in NO2 column densities in the immediate vicinity of several sources e.g. power plants or steel works, were measured. The observed patterns in the trace gas distribution are interpreted with respect to flux estimates, and it is seen that the fine resolution of the measurements allows separate sources in close proximity to one another to be distinguished.

scholarly journals Three-dimensional radiative transfer effects on airborne and ground-based trace gas remote sensing

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 4277-4293
Author(s):  
Marc Schwaerzel ◽  
Claudia Emde ◽  
Dominik Brunner ◽  
Randulph Morales ◽  
Thomas Wagner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Radiative Transfer ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Trace Gas ◽  
Radiative Transfer Model ◽  
Transfer Model ◽  
Heterogeneous Environments ◽  
Monte Carlo Code ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
3D Effects

Abstract. Air mass factors (AMFs) are used in passive trace gas remote sensing for converting slant column densities (SCDs) to vertical column densities (VCDs). AMFs are traditionally computed with 1D radiative transfer models assuming horizontally homogeneous conditions. However, when observations are made with high spatial resolution in a heterogeneous atmosphere or above a heterogeneous surface, 3D effects may not be negligible. To study the importance of 3D effects on AMFs for different types of trace gas remote sensing, we implemented 1D-layer and 3D-box AMFs into the Monte carlo code for the phYSically correct Tracing of photons In Cloudy atmospheres (MYSTIC), a solver of the libRadtran radiative transfer model (RTM). The 3D-box AMF implementation is fully consistent with 1D-layer AMFs under horizontally homogeneous conditions and agrees very well (<5 % relative error) with 1D-layer AMFs computed by other RTMs for a wide range of scenarios. The 3D-box AMFs make it possible to visualize the 3D spatial distribution of the sensitivity of a trace gas observation, which we demonstrate with two examples. First, we computed 3D-box AMFs for ground-based multi-axis spectrometer (MAX-DOAS) observations for different viewing geometry and aerosol scenarios. The results illustrate how the sensitivity reduces with distance from the instrument and that a non-negligible part of the signal originates from outside the line of sight. Such information is invaluable for interpreting MAX-DOAS observations in heterogeneous environments such as urban areas. Second, 3D-box AMFs were used to generate synthetic nitrogen dioxide (NO2) SCDs for an airborne imaging spectrometer observing the NO2 plume emitted from a tall stack. The plume was imaged under different solar zenith angles and solar azimuth angles. To demonstrate the limitations of classical 1D-layer AMFs, VCDs were then computed assuming horizontal homogeneity. As a result, the imaged NO2 plume was shifted in space, which led to a strong underestimation of the total VCDs in the plume maximum and an underestimation of the integrated line densities that can be used for estimating emissions from NO2 images. The two examples demonstrate the importance of 3D effects for several types of ground-based and airborne remote sensing when the atmosphere cannot be assumed to be horizontally homogeneous, which is typically the case in the vicinity of emission sources or in cities.

scholarly journals Error simulations of uncorrected NDVI and DCVI during remote sensing measurements from UAS

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 35-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michał T. Chiliński ◽  
Marek Ostrowski
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Radiative Transfer ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Vegetation Mapping ◽  
Radiative Transfer Model ◽  
Unmanned Aerial Systems ◽  
Transfer Model ◽  
Digital Cameras ◽  
Aerial Systems

Abstract Remote sensing from unmanned aerial systems (UAS) has been gaining popularity in the last few years. In the field of vegetation mapping, digital cameras converted to calculate vegetation index (DCVI) are one of the most popular sensors. This paper presents simulations using a radiative transfer model (libRadtran) of DCVI and NDVI results in an environment of possible UAS flight scenarios. The analysis of the results is focused on the comparison of atmosphere influence on both indices. The results revealed uncertainties in uncorrected DCVI measurements up to 25% at the altitude of 5 km, 5% at 1 km and around 1% at 0.15 km, which suggests that DCVI can be widely used on small UAS operating below 0.2 km.

scholarly journals Performance of the line-by-line radiative transfer model (LBLRTM) for temperature and species retrievals: IASI case studies from JAIVEx

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (19) ◽  
pp. 7397-7417 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Shephard ◽  
S. A. Clough ◽  
V. H. Payne ◽  
W. L. Smith ◽  
S. Kireev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Radiative Transfer ◽  
Trace Gas ◽  
Radiative Transfer Model ◽  
Transfer Model ◽  
Line Intensities ◽  
Remote Sounding ◽  
Instrument Noise ◽  
Large Peak ◽  
Line Coupling

Abstract. Presented here are comparisons between the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding instrument (IASI) and the "Line-By-Line Radiative Transfer Model" (LBLRTM). Spectral residuals from radiance closure studies during the IASI JAIVEx validation campaign provide insight into a number of spectroscopy issues relevant to remote sounding of temperature, water vapor and trace gases from IASI. In order to perform quality IASI trace gas retrievals, the temperature and water vapor fields must be retrieved as accurately as possible. In general, the residuals in the CO2 ν2 region are of the order of the IASI instrument noise. However, outstanding issues with the CO2 spectral regions remain. There is a large residual ~−1.7 K in the 667 cm−1 Q-branch, and residuals in the CO2 ν2 and N2O/CO2 ν3 spectral regions that sample the troposphere are inconsistent, with the N2O/CO2 ν3 region being too negative (warmer) by ~0.7 K. Residuals on this lower wavenumber side of the CO2 ν3 band will be improved by line parameter updates, while future efforts to reduce the residuals reaching ~−0.5 K on the higher wavenumber side of the CO2 ν3 band will focus on addressing limitations in the modeling of the CO2 line shape (line coupling and duration of collision) effects. Brightness temperature residuals from the radiance closure studies in the ν2 water vapor band have standard deviations of ~0.2–0.3 K with some large peak residuals reaching ±0.5–1.0 K. These are larger than the instrument noise indicating that systematic errors still remain. New H2O line intensities and positions have a significant impact on the retrieved water vapor, particularly in the upper troposphere where the water vapor retrievals are 10% drier when using line intensities compared with HITRAN 2004. In addition to O3, CH4, and CO, of the IASI instrument combined with an accurate forward model allows for the detection of minor species with weak atmospheric signatures in the nadir radiances, such as HNO3 and OCS.

Polar  Stratospheric Clouds detection at Belgrano II Antarctic station from DOAS measurements

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Gómez Martín ◽  
Daniel Toledo ◽  
Margarita Yela ◽  
Cristina Prados-Román ◽  
José Antonio Adame ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radiative Transfer ◽  
Color Index ◽  
Radiative Transfer Model ◽  
Optical Absorption Spectroscopy ◽  
Transfer Model ◽  
Meteorological Model ◽  
Weather Forecasts ◽  
Stratospheric Temperature ◽  
Stratospheric Clouds

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Ground-based zenith DOAS (Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy) measurements have been used to detect and estimate the altitude of PSCs over Belgrano II Antarctic station during the polar sunrise seasons of 2018 and 2019. The method used in this work studies the evolution of the color index (CI) during twilights. The CI has been defined here as the ratio of the recorded signal at 520 and 420 nm. In the presence of PSCs, the CI shows a maximum at a given solar zenith angle (SZA). The value of such SZA depends on the altitude of the PSC. By using a spherical Monte Carlo radiative transfer model (RTM), the method has been validated and a function relating the SZA of the CI maximum and the PSC altitude has been calculated. Model simulations also show that PSCs can be detected and their altitude can be estimated even in presence of optically thin tropospheric clouds or aerosols. Our results are in good agreement with the stratospheric temperature evolution obtained through the ERA5 data reanalysis from the global meteorological model ECMWF (European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts) and the PSCs observations from CALIPSO (Cloud-Aerosol-Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;The methodology used in this work could also be applied to foreseen and/or historical measurements obtained with ground-based spectrometers such e. g. the DOAS instruments dedicated to trace gas observation in Arctic and Antarctic sites. This would also allow to investigate the presence and long-term evolution of PSCs.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Keywords: &lt;/strong&gt;Polar stratospheric clouds; color index; radiative transfer model; visible spectroscopy.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Effect of OH emission on the temperature and wind measurements derived from limb-viewing observations of the 1.27 µm O<sub>2</sub> dayglow

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1817-1824
Author(s):  
Kuijun Wu ◽  
Weiwei He ◽  
Yutao Feng ◽  
Yuanhui Xiong ◽  
Faquan Li
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Radiative Transfer ◽  
Spectral Region ◽  
Emission Lines ◽  
Radiative Transfer Model ◽  
Transfer Model ◽  
Altitude Range ◽  
Band Emission ◽  
Near Space ◽  
Wind Measurements

Abstract. The O2(a1Δg) emission near 1.27 µm is well-suited for remote sensing of global wind and temperature in near-space by limb-viewing observations to its bright signal and extended altitude coverage. However, vibrational–rotational emission lines of the OH dayglow produced by the hydrogen–ozone reaction (H+O3→OH•+O2) overlap the infrared atmospheric band emission (a1Δg→X3Σg) of O2. The main goal of this paper is to discuss the effect of OH emission on the wind and temperature measurements derived from the 1.27 µm O2 dayglow limb-viewing observations. The O2 dayglow and OH dayglow spectrum over the spectral region and altitude range of interest is calculated by using the line-by-line radiative transfer model and the most recent photochemical model. The method of four-point sampling of the interferogram and sample results of measurement simulations are provided for both O2 dayglow and OH dayglow. It is apparent from the simulations that the presence of OH dayglow as an interfering species decreases the wind and temperature accuracy at all altitudes, but this effect can be reduced considerably by improving OH dayglow knowledge.

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