Modelling dissolved organic nutrients in the Gulf of Finland: eliminating an uncertainty in boundary conditions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexey Isaev ◽  
Oksana Vladimirova ◽  
Tatjana Eremina ◽  
Vladimir Ryabchenko ◽  
Oleg Savchuk
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Water Environment ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Gulf Of Finland ◽  
Organic Nutrients ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Nutrient Amounts ◽  
The Gulf Of Finland

<p><span><span>The St. Petersburg model of eutrophication (SPBEM) has been modified with an explicit description of the total amounts of organic nutrients, including both dissolved and particulate forms [1, 2]. This modification allows total nutrient amounts to be fully taken into account as reported in field measurements and presented in environmental documents, thereby eliminating one of the important sources of uncertainty in boundary conditions [3]. </span></span></p><p><span>The SPBEM-2 model was validated and verified in the Gulf of Finland using data from more than 4,000 oceanographic stations for the period from 2009 to 2014. This results showed that the presented version of SPBEM-2 is able to plausibly reproduce all the main large-scale features and phenomena of the dynamics of nutrients in the Gulf of Finland, especially in its productive layer, which, for hypsographic reasons, contains and transforms the main reserves of nutrients.</span></p><p><span>Expansion of SPBEM-2 with dissolved organic nutrients makes it possible to fully take into account the loads on the land in both historical and scenario modelling, thereby reducing the uncertainty of impact.</span></p><p><span><span><strong>Acknowledgements</strong>:</span> <span>The authors A.I. and V.R. conducted the present study within the framework of the state assignment (theme No. </span><span>0128-2021-0014</span><span>).</span><span>The authors O.V. and T.E. were supported by the Government Target Project N FSZU</span>-2020-0009<span> of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation. The author O.S. from the Baltic Nest Institute was supported by the Swedish Agency for Marine and Water Management through their grant 1:11—Measures for the marine and water environment.</span></span></p><p><strong><span>References</span></strong></p><p><span>1. Vladimirova O. M., Eremina T. R., Isaev A. V., Ryabchenko V. A., Savchuk O. P. </span><span>Modelling dissolved organic nutrients in the Gulf of Finland. Fundamentalnaya i Prikladnaya Gidrofizika. 2018, 11, 4, </span><span>90—101. doi: 10.7868/S2073667318040111. </span></p><p><span>2. Isaev A, Vladimirova O, Eremina T, Ryabchenko V, Savchuk O. Accounting for Dissolved Organic Nutrients in an SPBEM-2 Model: Validation and Verification. </span><em><span>Water</span></em><span>. 2020; 12(5):1307. </span></p><p><span>3. Meier H.E.M., Edman M., Eilola K., et al. Assessment of Uncertainties in Scenario Simulations of Biogeochemical Cycles in the Baltic Sea. Front. Mar. Sci., 04 March 2019, Vol.6, Article 46. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2019.00046 </span></p><p> </p>

Saint Petersburg Flood Protection Dam as Tool to Solve the Environmental Tasks

2019 ◽  
Vol 828 ◽  
pp. 202-207
Author(s):  
Ludmila Tsvetkova
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Flood Protection ◽  
Gulf Of Finland ◽  
Ecological State ◽  
Saint Petersburg ◽  
Large Scale Field ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
The Gulf Of Finland ◽  
Neva Bay

The paper grounds the necessity to conduct the large-scale field experiment on manoeuvring with the floodgates of Saint Petersburg Flood Protection Complex (FPC). The paper presents the results of I-stage experiment and the program of II-stage experiment. The aim of the experiment is the verification of the possibility to manage the hydrological, sanitary and ecological state of the Neva Bay and the eastern part of the Gulf of Finland of the Baltic sea by means of manoeuvring with Flood Protection Complex floodgates. In order to develop the program of field experiment implementation it was necessary to assess the sanitary and ecological state of water ecosystem under present conditions. The assessment was based on monitoring data concerning the certain priority parameters obtained from the selected representative measuring points. On the basis of the analysis of water quality and the state of the Neva Bay and the eastern part of the Gulf of Finland the scheme for manoeuvring with floodgates of the FPC together with the sequence of order of their opening and closing was developed. Recommendations regarding the conditions and terms of conducting the experiment were developed.

scholarly journals Accounting for Dissolved Organic Nutrients in an SPBEM-2 Model: Validation and Verification

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1307
Author(s):  
Alexey Isaev ◽  
Oksana Vladimirova ◽  
Tatjana Eremina ◽  
Vladimir Ryabchenko ◽  
Oleg Savchuk
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Ecosystem Dynamics ◽  
Gulf Of Finland ◽  
Model Description ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Full Account ◽  
Validation And Verification ◽  
Bioavailable Fraction ◽  
Organic Nutrients ◽  
The Gulf Of Finland

Modern models of the Baltic Sea eutrophication describe only a bioavailable fraction of the nutrient input from land, thus introducing uncertainty into forcing. In order to alleviate this uncertainty, the coupled 3D hydrodynamical-biogeochemical St. Petersburg Eutrophication Model (SPBEM) has been expanded with variables representing dissolved organic nutrients. The model modification involves an explicit description of the labile and refractory fractions of dissolved organic nitrogen and phosphorus, in addition to their particulate forms, represented by the detritus variables. The modified SPBEM-2 allows for a full account of the total amounts of nutrients reported in field measurements and presented in environmental documents. Particularly, a model description of detritus, as the only bulk organic matter variable, has been replaced by more realistic parameterizations with adequate rates of settling and mineralization. The extensive validation and verification of the model performance in the Gulf of Finland from 2009 to 2014, based on over 4000 oceanographic stations, shows that SPBEM-2 plausibly reproduces all the major large-scale features and phenomena of the ecosystem dynamics in the Gulf of Finland, especially in its surface productive layer. These demonstrated capabilities of SPBEM-2 make the model a useful tool, both in studies of biogeochemical interactions and in historical and scenario simulations.

scholarly journals An integrated simulation model to evaluate national measures for the abatement of agricultural nutrients in the Baltic Sea

2009 ◽  
Vol 18 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 440-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. HYYTIÄINEN ◽  
H. AHTIAINEN ◽  
J. HEIKKILÄ
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Simulation Model ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Gulf Of Finland ◽  
Nutrient Loads ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Bothnian Bay ◽  
The Gulf Of Finland

This study introduces a prototype model for evaluating measures to abate agricultural nutrients in the Baltic Sea from a Finnish national perspective. The stochastic simulation model integrates nutrient dynamics of nitrogen and phosphorus in the sea basins adjoining the Finnish coast, nutrient loads from land and other sources, benefits from nutrient abatement (in the form of recreation and other ecosystem services) and the costs of agricultural abatement activities. The aim of the study is to present the overall structure of the model and to demonstrate its potential using preliminary parameters. The model is made flexible for further improvements in all of its ecological and economic components. The results of a sensitivity analysis suggest that investments in reducing the nutrient load from arable land in Finland would become profitable only if the neighboring countries in the northern Baltic committed themselves to similar reductions. Environmental investments for improving water quality yield the highest returns for the Bothnian Bay and the Gulf of Finland, with smaller returns for the Bothnian Sea. Somewhat surprisingly, in the Bothnian Bay the abatement activities become profitable from the national viewpoint, because the riverine loads from Finland represent a high proportion of the total nutrient loads. In the Gulf of Finland, this proportion is low, but the size of the coastal population benefiting from improved water quality is high.;

scholarly journals The monitoring of the phytoplankton condition in the Luga Bay of the Gulf of Finland under natural and anthropogenic impacts

Trudy VNIRO ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 179 ◽  
pp. 149-163
Author(s):  
O. A. Liashenko ◽  
A. P. Pedchenko ◽  
O. N. Susloparova
Keyword(s):  
Anthropogenic Impacts ◽  
Stable State ◽  
Water Area ◽  
Gulf Of Finland ◽  
Fish Food ◽  
Biological Resources ◽  
Quantitative Development ◽  
Primary Producer ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
The Gulf Of Finland

The technogenic transformation of the ecosystem of the southeast part of Luga Bay water area (the second bay of the Baltic Sea) where Ust-Luga commercial seaport situated was determined by longstanding dredging, dumping and other types of anthropogenic impact. The development of phytoplankton as the main primary production former and the base of food reserve for aquatic biological resources was investigated during the monitoring of aquatic biological resources of the Luga Bay which was held due to the seaport construction. The investigation of phytoplankton content and development took part in the main seasons of the ice-free period of 2005–2018 in the water areas of dredging, damping, and adjacent areas. The maximum values of the phytoplankton abundance and biomass were detected in spring. The main part of biomass was formed by diatoms and dinoflagellates. The summer biomass mainly was lower than in spring and the proportion of cyanoprokaryotes (in some years also cryptophytes and green) increased. In autumn the biomass decreasing was continued, cyanoprokaryotes and cryptomonads dominated. The quantitative indicators of phytoplankton development were varied from year to year in all seasons of 2005–2018 but they kept in frames of values which previously observed for the water area of the Luga Bay. The influence of the Gulf of Finland water warming on phytoplankton development was not traced. The certain differences between the quantitative development and composition of the dominant phytoplankton complex on the water areas of dredging, damping, and adjacent areas weren’t observed. The average phytoplankton biomass for the ice-free period in the most part of years corresponds to the mesotrophic state of the Luga Bay water area. There was not a significant impact of dredging and dumping on the phytoplankton of the Luga Bay which indicates the stable state of its ecosystem primary producer and the preservation of the productional resource of the fish food base.

scholarly journals Architecture of modern coastal development. Saint Petersburg realias and experience of Amsterdam, Rotterdam and Hamburg

2020 ◽  
Vol 164 ◽  
pp. 05022
Author(s):  
Fedor Perov ◽  
Leonid Lavrov ◽  
Aleksandra Eremeeva
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Coastal Development ◽  
Planning System ◽  
Gulf Of Finland ◽  
Western Coast ◽  
City Center ◽  
Saint Petersburg ◽  
The City ◽  
The Gulf Of Finland

Results of the first stage of territory development in the Gulf of Finland near the western coast of Vasilyevsky Island in Saint Petersburg are rated unsatisfactory. Results in the field of aesthetics, ecology, social stability and functional arrangement of the urban environment on new lands are negative. According to the analysis of experience in coastal areas' reconstruction in Amsterdam, Rotterdam and Hamburg, ambitious goals that were set for the project in Saint Petersburg were not achieved due to defects of the urban planning system — there was no centralized project management, activities of contractors, who neglected exclusive potential of the coastal area and its proximity to the historical core of the city, were insufficiently coordinated and controlled. It is argued that this is due to inertia of the Saint Petersburg design and construction system. During many years, it was focused on large-scale residential development of vast peripheral territories and, therefore, it was not capable to resolve issues related to development of highly urbanized environment in the city center. Omissions made during construction of a highway through the residential area are identified. The highway design does not provide reliable protection against negative impact on residential quarters. The route of the highway was designed as a bypass of the city center, but it became the shortest route to the center. It is noted that further development will offer opportunities for partial correction of the errors made. The new management team of the city architectural services considers the territory perspective for expansion of the Saint Petersburg center towards the water area of the Gulf of Finland.

scholarly journals Influence of St. Petersburg urban rivers on the inflow of pollutants into the Baltic Sea

2020 ◽  
Vol 163 ◽  
pp. 03006
Author(s):  
Stepan Klubov ◽  
Victor Tretyakov
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Gulf Of Finland ◽  
Urban Rivers ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Saint Petersburg ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
The Gulf Of Finland

The results of the calculation of the inflow of pollutants into the Gulf of Finland with the outflow from Saint Petersburg watercourses are considered. Data of regular hydrochemical observations by State Unitary Enterprise “Vodokanal of Saint Petersburg” for 2018 were used for the calculation. The contribution of the megalopolis of Saint Petersburg to change of the pollutants inflow is estimated.

The significance of wave–current interaction on modelled wave fields in the Baltic Sea

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hedi Kanarik ◽  
Laura Tuomi ◽  
Jan-Victor Björkqvist ◽  
Tuomas Kärnä ◽  
Antti Westerlund
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Wave Spectrum ◽  
Hydrodynamical Model ◽  
Gulf Of Finland ◽  
Surface Currents ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Notable Effect ◽  
Baltic Proper ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
The Gulf Of Finland

<p>Currents in the Baltic Sea are relatively weak and are thus often expected to have a negligible effect on sea surface waves. To evaluate the magnitude of wave–current interactions in the Baltic Sea, we ran the third generation wave model WAM with and without surface currents from the 3D hydrodynamical model Nemo4. The results showed that the currents have a notable effect on wave field only on rare occasions and that the effects are largest in coastal areas of the Baltic Proper, most notably in the western Gotland Basin, and the Gulf of Finland. The simulations showed that the currents in the Baltic Sea can cause differences of significant wave height up to tens of centimeters. More notable effect was the change in the peak of the wave spectrum from swell to wind driven waves and vice versa in some occasions. In our study w<span>e mostly focus on the events of strong wave–current interactions in the northern Baltic Proper and Gulf of Finland as we have measured wave spectra available from these locations. From the comparison with wave buoy measurements we see that implementing surface currents</span> <span>slightly improves the </span><span>m</span><span>odelled peak period in the Gulf of Finland.</span> <span>The Gulf of Finland is of special interest also because a group of ADCP’s were installed close to the wave buoy. The current measurements from these devices can therefore be used to evaluate the accuracy of the currents in the hydrodynamical model. </span></p>

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