scholarly journals Tagging moisture sources with Lagrangian and inertial tracers: Application to intense atmospheric river events

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vicente Pérez-Muñuzuri ◽  
Jorge Eiras-Barca ◽  
Daniel Garaboa-Paz
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Atmospheric Moisture ◽  
Atmospheric Rivers ◽  
North West ◽  
Atmospheric River ◽  
Moisture Sources ◽  
West Region ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Lagrangian Tracers ◽  
Thermodynamic Processes

Abstract. Two Lagrangian tracers tools are evaluated for studies on atmospheric moisture sources and pathways. In these methods, a moisture volume is assigned to each particle which is then advected by the wind flow. Usual Lagrangian methods consider this volume to remain constant and the particle follows flow path lines exactly. In a different approach, the initial moisture volume can be considered to depend on time as it is advected by the flow, due to thermodynamic processes. In this case, the tracer volume drag must be taken into account. Equations have been implemented and moisture convection was taken into account for both Lagrangian and inertial models. We apply these methods to evaluate the intense atmospheric rivers that devastated (i) the Pacific North West region of the United States, and (ii) the Western of the Iberian Peninsula, with flooding rains and intense winds in early November 2006, and May 20, 1994, respectively. We note that the usual Lagrangian method underestimates moisture availability in the continent while active tracers achieve more realistic results.

scholarly journals Tagging moisture sources with Lagrangian and inertial tracers: application to intense atmospheric river events

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 785-795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vicente Pérez-Muñuzuri ◽  
Jorge Eiras-Barca ◽  
Daniel Garaboa-Paz
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Wind Flow ◽  
Atmospheric Moisture ◽  
Atmospheric Rivers ◽  
Atmospheric River ◽  
Moisture Sources ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Us ◽  
Northwest Region ◽  
Thermodynamic Processes

Abstract. Two Lagrangian tracer tools are evaluated for studies on atmospheric moisture sources and pathways. In these methods, a moisture volume is assigned to each particle, which is then advected by the wind flow. Usual Lagrangian methods consider this volume to remain constant and the particle to follow flow path lines exactly. In a different approach, the initial moisture volume can be considered to depend on time as it is advected by the flow due to thermodynamic processes. In this case, the tracer volume drag must be taken into account. Equations have been implemented and moisture convection was taken into account for both Lagrangian and inertial models. We apply these methods to evaluate the intense atmospheric rivers that devastated (i) the Pacific Northwest region of the US and (ii) the western Iberian Peninsula with flooding rains and intense winds in early November 2006 and 20 May 1994, respectively. We note that the usual Lagrangian method underestimates moisture availability in the continent, while active tracers achieve more realistic results.

Snag Management on National Forests in the Pacific Northwest—1984

1986 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-43
Author(s):  
Evelyn L. Bull ◽  
Jack Ward Thomas ◽  
Kirk Horn
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Forest Service ◽  
National Forests ◽  
Usda Forest Service ◽  
North West ◽  
West Region ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Management Recommendations

Abstract A questionnaire was sent to each Ranger District in the Pacific North-west Region of the USDA Forest Service to get information on present snag-management programs. Ninety-five percent of the responding Ranger Districts left snags at levels that ranged from 0.15 snags/ha (0 06/ac) to 12-15 snags/ha (5-6/ac) on all forested lands. Live trees were intentionally left as future snags on 93% of the Ranger Districts. Live trees were killed to create snags on 41% of the Ranger Districts. Management recommendations are made as to the kind of snags to leave and methods of maintaining them. West. J. Appl. For. 1:41-43, April 1986

The bajocian ammonites of Western Australia

1954 ◽  
Vol 237 (651) ◽  
pp. 547-604 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
The United States ◽  
Type Specimens ◽  
North West ◽  
The Andes ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Extensive Collection ◽  
United States Mexico ◽  
First Time

The Bajocian (Middle Jurassic) ammonites of Western Australia are described on the basis of an extensive collection made in 1952-3 by Phillip E. Playford, who contributes a stratigraphical introduction and a geological map. In this introduction he subdivides the Jurassic sediments (total thickness at outcrop up to 550 ft.), names and defines most of the groups and formations for the first time, and elucidates complications due to lateritic alteration. All the ammonites come from the Newmarracarra Limestone (up to 38 ft. thick). The ranges of the species are determined so far as practicable. The ammonite fauna comprises at least twenty-three species (at least eleven new), now assigned to seven genera. The new collection enables Crick’s type specimens, named in 1894 on the basis of defective and inadequate material, to be reinterpreted, and necessitates complete generic revision. The age of the fauna is Middle Bajocian. Most of it belongs to the Sowerbyi Zone, but in places there is believed to be also a thin representative of the Humphriesianum Zone. A comparison (now possible for the first time) is made with the Bajocian ammonite faunas of circum-Pacific countries and central Asia: New Guinea, the Moluccas, Tibet, eastern Siberia, Alaska, western Canada, western United States, Mexico and the Andes. Photographs are given of comparable ammonites from Tibet, Canada and Argentina, not previously published photographically. Apart from the Moluccas, the peculiar Australian stephanoceratid ammonites, Pseudotoites and their allies, are not known from any of the extensive Bajocian outcrops in the Old World. Hitherto they have been thought to be confined to Western Australia. It is now shown that Pseudotoites occurs in the Moluccas, British Columbia, Alaska and Argentina, and that some rarer allied forms of Western Australia belong to the genus Zemistephanus , hitherto known only in Canada, Alaska and the United States. This distribution is held to indicate free migration across the Pacific Ocean. The regional basis of evolutionary radiation in several groups of Middle Bajocian ammonites is pointed out, and the significance of the facts for evolutionary and systematic theory is briefly stated. The Middle Bajocian stratigraphy of north-west Europe is historically summarized in order to provide a framework and scale of comparison for the Australian and circum-Pacific deposits.

scholarly journals The Hydrometeorological Observation Network in California’s Russian River Watershed: Development, Characteristics, and Key Findings from 1997 to 2019

2020 ◽  
Vol 101 (10) ◽  
pp. E1781-E1800 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwin Sumargo ◽  
Anna M. Wilson ◽  
F. Martin Ralph ◽  
Rachel Weihs ◽  
Allen White ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Hybrid Network ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Atmospheric Rivers ◽  
Atmospheric River ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
Observation Network ◽  
State And Local Government ◽  
State And Local ◽  
Russian River

AbstractThe Russian River Hydrometeorological Observing Network (RHONET) is a unique suite of high-resolution in situ and remote sensing observations deployed over 20 years to address both scientific and operational gaps in understanding, monitoring, and predicting weather and water extremes on the United States’ West Coast. It was created over many years by diverse organizations ranging from universities to federal, state, and local government agencies and utilities. Today, RHONET is a hybrid network with diverse observation sets aimed at advancing scientific understanding of physical processes driving extreme precipitation and runoff in the region. Its development is described, including the specific goals that led to a series of network enhancements, as well as the key characteristics of its sensors. The hydroclimatology of the Russian River area is described, including an overview of the hydrologic extremes and variability driving the scientific and operational needs in the region, from atmospheric river behavior and orographic precipitation processes to hydrologic conditions related to water supply and flooding. A case study of Lake Mendocino storage response to a landfalling atmospheric river in 2018 is presented to demonstrate the network’s performance and hydrologic applications during high-impact weather events. Finally, a synopsis of key scientific findings and applications enabled by the network is provided, from the first documentation of the role of landfalling atmospheric rivers in flooding, to the occurrence of shallow nonbrightband rain, to the buffering influence of extremely dry soils in autumn, and to the development of forecast-informed reservoir operations for Lake Mendocino.

scholarly journals Tagging moisture sources with Eulerian and Lagrangian tracers: Application to an intense atmospheric river event.

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vicente Perez-Muñuzuri ◽  
Daniel Garaboa-Paz ◽  
Jorge Eiras-Barca ◽  
Gonzalo Miguez-Macho
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric River ◽  
Moisture Sources ◽  
Lagrangian Tracers

scholarly journals A Regional Comparison of Stumpage Values in British Columbia and the United States Pacific Northwest

1980 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 225-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Haley
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
British Columbia ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Good Reason ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
The United States ◽  
Short Supply ◽  
North West ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Market Opportunities

In this paper, stumpages in British Columbia are compared with those in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States where public timber is sold in highly competitive markets. In 1978, the average stumpage for public timber in the Pacific Northwest was $39.11/m3 compared to $4.58/m3 in British Columbia. Between 1963 and 1978, real stumpage prices in the Pacific Northwest (i.e. net of inflationary increases) showed an upward trend of almost 11% per annum compared to a slight downward trend for British Columbia. Although the appraisal method used by the United States Forest Service is similar to the method used in British Columbia, appraised stumpages for the British Columbia Coast are considerably lower than for western Washington.There is little doubt that the principle reason for higher stumpages in the Pacific Northwest is that all public agencies involved in timber production encourage competitive bidding for standing timber, whereas in British Columbia competitive sales of public timber have been virtually eliminated. Other reasons include tax considerations on the part of firms in the Pacific Northwest with private timber holdings, the higher average quality of the timber resource in the Pacific Northwest compared to British Columbia and the fact that forest products companies in the Pacific North west face better market opportunities, particularly with respect to plywood, than their counterparts in British Columbia. Imperfections in the Vancouver Log Market may partially explain why appraised timber values in western Washington are higher than on the British Columbia Coast.There is good reason to believe that if public timber in British Columbia was sold competitively, stumpages, in many cases, would be bid well above their appraised level and direct Crown revenues would be substantially increased, particularly in those regions of the Province where accessible, high quality stands of timber are in short supply.

Mating types, sex, dissemination, and possible sources of clones, of Hypomyces (Fusarium) solani, f. pisi in South Australia

1968 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 253 ◽  
Author(s):  
RJ Cook ◽  
EJ Ford ◽  
WC Snyder
Keyword(s):  
Mating Type ◽  
Fusarium Solani ◽  
New South ◽  
South Australia ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mating Types ◽  
North West ◽  
South Wales ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Pea Seed

Isolates of Hypornyces (Fusarium) solani f. pisi collected in South Australia, when single-spored and cultured under the same conditions, were separable into three distinct clones. Pairings of the three clones (SA-1, 2, and 3), and of a fourth collected in New South Wales (NSW-I), with tester clones of known mating type and sex, showed that SA-1 and SA-2 were of one mating type (+), while SA-3 and NSW-1 were of another mating type (–). SA-1 and NSW-1 were hermaphrodites; SA-2 and SA-3 functioned only as males. When SA-1 and NSW-1 were paired in reciprocal crosses, fertile perithecia developed in both cases. Fertile perithecia also developed when SA-2 and SA-3 were used as males to fertilize NSW-1 and SA-1 respectively. A clone of H. solani f. pisi, identical with SA-1 in pathogenicity, cultural appearance, sex, and mating type, was recovered from wind-blown soil in a virgin area approximately 1 mile from a pea field but not from soil taken from districts some distance (30 miles in one case and 200 miles in another) from pea-growing districts. Other isolates identical with SA-1 in cultural appearance, mating type, sex, and pathogenicity were recovered from dust taken from a bag of non-treated, certified New Zealand pea seed imported into South Australia, from field soil collected in pea seed-producing areas of the Pacific North-west of the United States, and from England. The occurrence of compatible clones on different continents appears to be due to an international movement of the fungus on pea seed.

An Empirical Study of Human Trafficking Law in Cameroon: Victims Rarely Seek Justice and Traffickers Are Not Held Liable

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 430-441
Author(s):  
Monique Aziza
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Primary School ◽  
Human Trafficking ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
West Region ◽  
Arduous Task ◽  
Adults And Children

This article argues that the number of unprosecuted human traffickers is growing in Cameroon. This article aims to examine Cameroonian government officials, prosecutors and judiciary attitudes to human trafficking laws, which endanger Cameroonians. This article is an empirical study of victims of human trafficking. It takes an objective look at Cameroon's anti-trafficking law that criminalises the trafficking of adults and children. It is evident that societal discrimination towards the North West region, lack of opportunities for free education or to a trade post-primary school and the lack of enforcement of the anti-trafficking law are making combating human trafficking an arduous task.

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