Analysis of modern hull structures dry cargo ships-representatives

The results of the analysis of the design of hull structures of modern dry cargo vessels-representatives of inland and mixed ("river-sea") navigation in comparison with classical vessels built in the twentieth century are presented. The characteristic damages of hull structures are considered, recommendations are given on the design of the main hull connections in accordance with the requirements of the Russian River Register (RRR) and the Russian Maritime Register of Shipping (MRS). It is noted that, taking into account the existing cargo flows on water transport, the hulls of inland navigation vessels of early construction are being modernized for operation in coastal marine areas. It is shown that, taking into account the aging of the fleet in modern conditions, a significant role is assigned to the construction of "super-full" vessels of internal and mixed ("river-sea") navigation, capable of delivering various cargoes without intermediate transshipment from seaports to river ports of the country.

Factor analysis of cargo river transportation recovery on the Unified deep-water system of Russia

In the second half of the XX century, Russian river transport was actively developing, and by 1990 the volume of cargo transportation reached 580 million tons. Now in the 20s of the XXI century, the volume of river traffic has decreased almost fivefold. There has been a redistribution of transportation between modes of transport: the shares of rail and river modes of transport have decreased, the shares of road and pipeline have increased. From the point of view of public interests, the existing distribution of traffic between modes of transport is not rational. The volume of production in the economy of the Russian Federation has fully recovered, but the growth of river traffic does not occur due to the redistribution of traffic between other modes of transport. The article discusses the reasons for a significant decrease in the share of river transport in the total volume of transport services and suggests measures to restore the position of inland waterway transport.

A Performance-Based Approach to Quantify Atmospheric River Flood Risk

Atmospheric rivers (ARs) are a class of meteorologic phenomena that cause significant precipitation and flooding on the US West Coast. This work presents a new Performance-based Atmospheric River Risk Analysis (PARRA) framework that adapts existing concepts from probabilistic risk analysis and performance-based engineering for application in the context of AR-driven fluvial flooding. The PARRA framework is a chain of physically based models that link the atmospheric forcings, hydrologic impacts, and economic consequences of AR-driven fluvial flood risk together at consistent “pinch point” variables. Organizing around these pinch points makes the framework modular, in that models between pinch points can be updated without affecting the rest of the model chain, and it produces a probabilistic result that quantifies the uncertainty in the underlying system states. The PARRA framework can produce results beyond analyses of individual scenario events and can look towards prospective assessment of events or system changes that have not been seen in the historic record. The utility of the PARRA framework is demonstrated through a series of analyses in Sonoma County, California. Evaluation of a February 2019 case study AR event shows that the individual component models produce simulated distributions that capture the observed precipitation, streamflow, inundation, and damage. The component models are then run in sequence to generate a first-of-its-kind AR flood loss exceedance curve for Sonoma County. The prospective capabilities of the PARRA framework are presented through the evaluation of a hypothetical mitigation action. It was found elevating 150 homes, selected based on their proximity to the Russian River, was able to reduce the average annual loss by half. The loss results from the mitigated building portfolio are compared against the original case. While expected benefits were minimal for the smallest events, the larger, more damaging ARs were expected to see loss reductions of approximately $50 million per event. These results indicate the potential of the PARRA framework for examining other changes to flood risk at the community level, including future changes to the hazard, through climate change; exposure, through development; and/or vulnerability, through flood mitigation investments.

Rural Winery Resiliency and Sustainability through the COVID-19 Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has adversely affected the tourism industry worldwide, including the wine industry in the western U.S. due to mandated winery and tasting room closures, followed by restrictions on capacity and food- and drink-handling once wineries reopened. In California, tasting rooms were fully closed from mid-March to mid-May 2020 and could not have visitors indoors through to October 2020. Hence, this study examines the resiliency of wineries in minor California wine regions, including the challenges faced during the pandemic, strategies used to sustain their business, and the attributes of their operation which contributed to success. Data were collected through structured in-person interviews with five wineries in minor California wine regions, specifically Russian River Valley and Sierra Foothills. The four themes which emerged include: lifestyle business; market differentiation; direct marketing; and the effects of COVID-19. These wineries are primarily family-owned, which gives them the ability to control costs and make decisions rapidly. They did not have a large workforce or multiple layers of management, allowing them to pivot quickly to adjust to the regulatory environment. This study on rural winery resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic will assist rural tourism operations in dealing with social and economic shocks in the future.

Comparative analysis of the requirements of the rules of the russian river register and the russian maritime register of shipping to the design and strength of ships on underwater wings

. The comparative analysis of the regulatory framework of the rules of the Russian river register (PRR) and the Russian maritime register of shipping (PMR) on the design and strength of ships on underwater wings (SEC) showed a significant difference between the methodologies of these rules. In this regard, a comparative analysis of the rules is possible only by performing numerical calculations for specific vessels. This paper presents the results of calculations for three SEC models. It is shown that with some extrapolation of the dependences given in the PRR, the values ​​of the calculated values ​​of bending moments for SEC, intended for operation on the excitement of h3%> 2.0 m, can be obtained from the PMR. For more weak wave modes Settlements. The existing approach to the pro-willer of the strength of the SEC wing devices should be recognized obsolete. It is necessary to either upgrade the PRR, taking into account modern advances in the field of hydrodynami, or allow the use of modern software complexes for computers based on numerical methods for solving hydrodynamic problems.

Analysis of damage and failure of ship propulsion shafts

The paper highlights the problem of a ship shaft line failure, which entails significant economic losses, because most vessels of the Russian fleet are equipped with a shaft line. A large number of domestic and foreign works are devoted to studying the causes of damage and failures of ship shafting. The complexity of collecting, systematizing and analyzing statistical data on breakdowns and damages of shafting lies in the fact that the data refer to different periods of time, different periods of operation and types of ships, and are also contained in various sources. There has been considered the approach to systematization of modern statistical data on damages and failures of ship shafting elements collected on the basis of defect-technological lists of the Astrakhan shipyards and from other sources. Information on breakdowns of ships, their elements and ship shaft lines within 2010 - 2019 provided by the Russian River Register of Shipping is given. The analysis of accidents on ships of the class of the Russian Maritime Register of Shipping. The places of occurrence and the nature of the propeller shaft cracks have been established, which makes it possible to assess the nature and magnitude of the destructive loads, as well as the real safety margins. The general classification of the location of the propeller shaft cracks in the order of the frequency of their occurrence is given. There have been shown the results of the analysis of defect-technological lists, which make it possible to establish the causes of ship shafting failures, which led to emergency repair, and the most common defects identified during the scheduled dock repair of ships. The influence of the diameter of propeller shafts on the nature and size of defects, as well as the frequency of their manifestation, is estimated. Based on the results of the analysis, certain measures have been proposed to reduce the number of accidents in shafting of projected vessels, and the most promising directions for improving the already developed structures of shafting in operation are outlined. The results of the analysis are in addition to the ongoing research and development work to improve the reliability of ship power systems.

Modulation of Atmospheric Rivers by Mesoscale Frontal Waves and Latent Heating: Comparison of Two U.S. West Coast Events

A complex and underexplored relationship exists between atmospheric rivers (ARs) and mesoscale frontal waves (MFWs). The present study further explores and quantifies the importance of diabatic processes to MFW development and the AR-MFW interaction by simulating two ARs impacting Northern California’s flood-vulnerable Russian River watershed using the Model for Prediction Across Scales-Atmosphere (MPAS-A) with and without the effects of latent heating. Despite the storms’ contrasting characteristics, diabatic processes within the system were critical to the development of MFWs, the timing and magnitude of integrated vapor transport (IVT), and precipitation impacts over the Russian River watershed in both cases. Low-altitude circulations and lower-tropospheric moisture content in and around the MFWs are considerably reduced without latent heating, contributing to a decrease in moisture transport, moisture convergence, and IVT. Differences in IVT are not consistently dynamic (i.e., wind-driven) or thermodynamic (i.e., moisture-driven), but instead vary by case and by time throughout each event. For one event, AR conditions over the watershed persisted for 6 h less and the peak IVT occurred 6 h earlier and was reduced by ~17%; weaker orographic and dynamic precipitation forcings reduced precipitation totals by ~64%. Similarly, turning off latent heating shortened the second event by 24 h and reduced precipitation totals by ~49%; the maximum IVT over the watershed was weakened by ~42% and delayed by 18 h. Thus, sufficient representation of diabatic processes, and by inference, water vapor initial conditions, is critical for resolving MFWs, their feedbacks on AR evolution, and associated precipitation forecasts on watershed scales.

TESTING PLANT FOR ENGINE WITH ENERGY EFFICIENT COOLING SYSTEM

The article focuses on developing a new testing system for the Iveco 8041I06 55 R900 engine in the laboratory “Marine Diesels” under Astrakhan state technical university in the event of modernizing the test benches with ship engines. There has been considered creating an ex-perimental unit for conducting heat-balance tests of a marine engine using modern measurement and control tools. The unit consists of a converted engine powered by a generator. The engine will be tested according to the generator characteristic. There is given the data on the main technical parameters of the tested engine and on the potential configuration of the instrument base. As a load for the generator, it is planned to use a resistive load device. A fuel micro-meter will be used to measure the fuel consumption. Flow meters are selected for measuring the flow rates. Heat carriers and temperature sensors are selected for measuring temperature of the exhaust gases. The parameters of the engine under consideration are compared with the requirements of the Russian River Register for marine engines. The scope of work on converting an industrial engine into a marine engine in terms of the modernization of the cooling system has been described. The unit is designed to study the ship's cooling system operation, in which the control is carried out by changing the speed of the suspended pump depending on the temperature of the seawater. There was selected a pump and a device to regulating its rotating speed. The positive effect is achieved by reducing the power consumed by the pump. It saves the fuel and reduces the environmental damage due to the lower carbon dioxide emissions

Opportunities for using natural fresh water in Russia for the export potential development

Subject. Water resources are getting more and more scarce worldwide, and the situation aggravates over time. In such circumstances, Russia should get use of its competitive advantages and increase exports of fresh water and water-intensive products. Objectives. I analyze opportunities for using natural fresh water of Russia to unfold the export potential. Methods. The study relies upon databases of the Russian governmental agencies, the UN, and Asian partnership countries. The study is based on the systems approach and methods of logic and comparative analysis, qualitative and quantitative analysis of statistical data. Results. The article illustrates cases of water supply via canals and water pipelines from Russia to Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan. I display what unparalleled opportunities Russia has, since it possesses land and water resources, which would help rapidly increment water-intensive agricultural and other production. I make suggestions on key strands to follow and efforts to activate the use of available fresh water for the export potential development. Conclusions and Relevance. The proposed rearrangement of some Russian river flows to neighboring countries should be thoroughly elaborated and studied in terms of environmental, socio-economic, political consequences. The rapid economic growth of neighboring Asian countries opens new opportunities for Russia to seize its competitive advantages. Hence, the government should actively support sectors that would meet the highest demand for their products in the coming decades. The competition is expected to intensify across all segments of bottled potable water market. Russia should get more involved into the sale of water not only on the Kamchatka peninsula, but only in other regions of Siberia and the Far East.