scholarly journals Marine carbonyl sulfide (OCS) and carbon disulfide (CS<sub>2</sub>): a compilation of measurements in seawater and the marine boundary layer

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 591-609 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sinikka T. Lennartz ◽  
Christa A. Marandino ◽  
Marc von Hobe ◽  
Meinrat O. Andreae ◽  
Kazushi Aranami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Carbon Disulfide ◽  
Marine Boundary Layer ◽  
Carbonyl Sulfide ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Co2 Uptake ◽  
Aerosol Layer ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Patterns ◽  
Atmospheric Concentration ◽  
Oceanic Emissions

Abstract. Carbonyl sulfide (OCS) and carbon disulfide (CS2) are volatile sulfur gases that are naturally formed in seawater and exchanged with the atmosphere. OCS is the most abundant sulfur gas in the atmosphere, and CS2 is its most important precursor. They have attracted increased interest due to their direct (OCS) or indirect (CS2 via oxidation to OCS) contribution to the stratospheric sulfate aerosol layer. Furthermore, OCS serves as a proxy to constrain terrestrial CO2 uptake by vegetation. Oceanic emissions of both gases contribute a major part to their atmospheric concentration. Here we present a database of previously published and unpublished (mainly shipborne) measurements in seawater and the marine boundary layer for both gases, available at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.905430 (Lennartz et al., 2019). The database contains original measurements as well as data digitalized from figures in publications from 42 measurement campaigns, i.e., cruises or time series stations, ranging from 1982 to 2019. OCS data cover all ocean basins except for the Arctic Ocean, as well as all months of the year, while the CS2 dataset shows large gaps in spatial and temporal coverage. Concentrations are consistent across different sampling and analysis techniques for OCS. The database is intended to support the identification of global spatial and temporal patterns and to facilitate the evaluation of model simulations.

scholarly journals Marine carbonyl sulfide (OCS) and carbon disulfide (CS<sub>2</sub>): a compilation of measurements in seawater and the marine boundary layer

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sinikka T. Lennartz ◽  
Christa A. Marandino ◽  
Marc von Hobe ◽  
Meinrat O. Andreae ◽  
Kazushi Aranami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Carbon Disulfide ◽  
Marine Boundary Layer ◽  
Carbonyl Sulfide ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Co2 Uptake ◽  
Aerosol Layer ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Patterns ◽  
Atmospheric Concentration ◽  
Oceanic Emissions

Abstract. Carbonyl sulfide (OCS) and carbon disulfide (CS2) are volatile sulfur gases that are naturally formed in seawater and exchanged with the atmosphere. OCS is the most abundant sulfur gas in the atmosphere, and CS2 is its most important precursor. They have gained interest due to their direct (OCS) or indirect (CS2 via oxidation to OCS) contribution to the stratospheric sulfate aerosol layer. Furthermore, OCS serves as a proxy to constrain terrestrial CO2 uptake by vegetation. Oceanic emissions of both gases contribute a major part to their atmospheric concentration. Here we present a database of previously published and unpublished, mainly ship-borne measurements in seawater and the marine boundary layer for both gases, available at https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.905430 (Lennartz et al., 2019). The database contains original measurements as well as data digitalized from figures in publications from 42 measurement campaigns, i.e. cruises or time series stations, ranging from 1982 to 2019. OCS data cover all ocean basins except for the Arctic Ocean, as well as all months of the year, while the CS2 dataset shows large gaps in spatial and temporal coverage. Concentrations are consistent across different sampling and analysis techniques for OCS. The database is intended to support the identification of global spatial and temporal patterns and to facilitate the evaluation of model simulations.

scholarly journals Monthly resolved modelled oceanic emissions of carbonyl sulfide and carbon disulfide for the period 2000–2019

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sinikka T. Lennartz ◽  
Michael Gauss ◽  
Marc von Hobe ◽  
Christa A. Marandino
Keyword(s):  
Interannual Variability ◽  
Carbon Disulfide ◽  
Carbonyl Sulfide ◽  
Sulfur Source ◽  
Aerosol Layer ◽  
Surface Mixed Layer ◽  
Global Database ◽  
Major Supplier ◽  
Modelling Studies ◽  
Oceanic Emissions

Abstract. Carbonyl sulfide (OCS) is the most abundant, long-lived sulphur gas in the atmosphere and a major supplier of sulfur to the stratospheric sulfate aerosol layer. The short-lived gas carbon disulfide (CS2) is oxidized to OCS and constitutes a major indirect source to the atmospheric OCS budget. The atmospheric budget of OCS is not well constrained due to a large missing source needed to compensate for substantial evidence that was provided for significantly higher sinks. Oceanic emissions are associated with major uncertainties. Here we provide a first, monthly resolved ocean emission inventory of both gases for the period 2000–2019 (available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4297010) (Lennartz et al., 2020a). Emissions are calculated with a numerical box model (resolution 2.8° × 2.8° at equator, T42 grid) for the surface mixed layer. We find that interannual variability in OCS emissions is smaller than seasonal variability, and is mainly driven by variations in chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM), which influences both photochemical and light-independent production. A comparison with a global database of more than 2500 measurements reveals overall good agreement. Emissions of CS2 constitute a larger sulfur source to the atmosphere than OCS, and equally show interannual variability connected to variability of CDOM. The emission estimate of CS2 is associated with higher uncertainties, as process understanding of the marine cycling of CS2 is incomplete. We encourage the use of the data provided here as input for atmospheric modelling studies to further assess the atmospheric OCS budget and the role of OCS in climate.

scholarly journals Summertime observations of elevated levels of ultrafine particles in the high Arctic marine boundary layer

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 5515-5535 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Burkart ◽  
Megan D. Willis ◽  
Heiko Bozem ◽  
Jennie L. Thomas ◽  
Kathy Law ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Ultrafine Particles ◽  
Marine Boundary Layer ◽  
Ultrafine Particle ◽  
High Arctic ◽  
Particle Formation ◽  
Open Ocean ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Depositional Processes

Abstract. Motivated by increasing levels of open ocean in the Arctic summer and the lack of prior altitude-resolved studies, extensive aerosol measurements were made during 11 flights of the NETCARE July 2014 airborne campaign from Resolute Bay, Nunavut. Flights included vertical profiles (60 to 3000 m above ground level) over open ocean, fast ice, and boundary layer clouds and fogs. A general conclusion, from observations of particle numbers between 5 and 20 nm in diameter (N5 − 20), is that ultrafine particle formation occurs readily in the Canadian high Arctic marine boundary layer, especially just above ocean and clouds, reaching values of a few thousand particles cm−3. By contrast, ultrafine particle concentrations are much lower in the free troposphere. Elevated levels of larger particles (for example, from 20 to 40 nm in size, N20 − 40) are sometimes associated with high N5 − 20, especially over low clouds, suggestive of aerosol growth. The number densities of particles greater than 40 nm in diameter (N >  40) are relatively depleted at the lowest altitudes, indicative of depositional processes that will lower the condensation sink and promote new particle formation. The number of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN; measured at 0.6 % supersaturation) are positively correlated with the numbers of small particles (down to roughly 30 nm), indicating that some fraction of these newly formed particles are capable of being involved in cloud activation. Given that the summertime marine Arctic is a biologically active region, it is important to better establish the links between emissions from the ocean and the formation and growth of ultrafine particles within this rapidly changing environment.

scholarly journals Ozone variability and halogen oxidation within the Arctic and sub-Arctic springtime boundary layer

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (21) ◽  
pp. 10223-10236 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Gilman ◽  
J. F. Burkhart ◽  
B. M. Lerner ◽  
E. J. Williams ◽  
W. C. Kuster ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Marine Boundary Layer ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Arctic Basin ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Arctic Boundary Layer ◽  
Air Masses ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Atlantic

Abstract. The influence of halogen oxidation on the variabilities of ozone (O3) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) within the Arctic and sub-Arctic atmospheric boundary layer was investigated using field measurements from multiple campaigns conducted in March and April 2008 as part of the POLARCAT project. For the ship-based measurements, a high degree of correlation (r = 0.98 for 544 data points collected north of 68° N) was observed between the acetylene to benzene ratio, used as a marker for chlorine and bromine oxidation, and O3 signifying the vast influence of halogen oxidation throughout the ice-free regions of the North Atlantic. Concurrent airborne and ground-based measurements in the Alaskan Arctic substantiated this correlation and were used to demonstrate that halogen oxidation influenced O3 variability throughout the Arctic boundary layer during these springtime studies. Measurements aboard the R/V Knorr in the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans provided a unique view of the transport of O3-poor air masses from the Arctic Basin to latitudes as far south as 52° N. FLEXPART, a Lagrangian transport model, was used to quantitatively determine the exposure of air masses encountered by the ship to first-year ice (FYI), multi-year ice (MYI), and total ICE (FYI+MYI). O3 anti-correlated with the modeled total ICE tracer (r = −0.86) indicating that up to 73% of the O3 variability measured in the Arctic marine boundary layer could be related to sea ice exposure.

Atmospheric HCH Concentrations over the Marine Boundary Layer from Shanghai, China to the Arctic Ocean: Role of Human Activity and Climate Change

2010 ◽  
Vol 44 (22) ◽  
pp. 8422-8428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoguo Wu ◽  
James C. W. Lam ◽  
Chonghuan Xia ◽  
Hui Kang ◽  
Liguang Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
Human Activity ◽  
Marine Boundary Layer ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
The Arctic Ocean

scholarly journals Controlled meteorological (CMET) free balloon profiling of the Arctic atmospheric boundary layer around Spitsbergen compared to ERA-Interim and Arctic System Reanalyses

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (19) ◽  
pp. 12383-12396
Author(s):  
Tjarda J. Roberts ◽  
Marina Dütsch ◽  
Lars R. Hole ◽  
Paul B. Voss
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Wind Shear ◽  
Marine Boundary Layer ◽  
Temperature Inversion ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Strong Wind ◽  
Free Atmosphere ◽  
Free Region ◽  
Temperature And Humidity

Abstract. Observations from CMET (Controlled Meteorological) balloons are analysed to provide insights into tropospheric meteorological conditions (temperature, humidity, wind) around Svalbard, European High Arctic. Five Controlled Meteorological (CMET) balloons were launched from Ny-Ålesund in Svalbard (Spitsbergen) over 5–12 May 2011 and measured vertical atmospheric profiles over coastal areas to both the east and west. One notable CMET flight achieved a suite of 18 continuous soundings that probed the Arctic marine boundary layer (ABL) over a period of more than 10 h. Profiles from two CMET flights are compared to model output from ECMWF Era-Interim reanalysis (ERA-I) and to a high-resolution (15 km) Arctic System Reanalysis (ASR) product. To the east of Svalbard over sea ice, the CMET observed a stable ABL profile with a temperature inversion that was reproduced by ASR but not captured by ERA-I. In a coastal ice-free region to the west of Svalbard, the CMET observed a stable ABL with strong wind shear. The CMET profiles document increases in ABL temperature and humidity that are broadly reproduced by both ASR and ERA-I. The ASR finds a more stably stratified ABL than observed but captured the wind shear in contrast to ERA-I. Detailed analysis of the coastal CMET-automated soundings identifies small-scale temperature and humidity variations with a low-level flow and provides an estimate of local wind fields. We demonstrate that CMET balloons are a valuable approach for profiling the free atmosphere and boundary layer in remote regions such as the Arctic, where few other in situ observations are available for model validation.

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