scholarly journals Ship- and island-based soundings from the 2016 El Niño Rapid Response (ENRR) field campaign

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie M. Hartten ◽  
Christopher J. Cox ◽  
Paul E. Johnston ◽  
Daniel E. Wolfe ◽  
Scott Abbott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Rapid Response ◽  
Public Access ◽  
Central Pacific ◽  
Quasi Biennial Oscillation ◽  
East Central ◽  
Field Campaign ◽  
Central Pacific Ocean ◽  
Christmas Island

Abstract. As the 2015/2016 El Niño was gathering strength in late 2015, scientists at the Earth System Research Laboratory's Physical Sciences Division proposed and led the implementation of NOAA's El Niño Rapid Response (ENRR) Field Campaign. ENRR observations included wind and thermodynamic profiles of the atmosphere over the near-equatorial east-central Pacific Ocean, many of which were collected from two field sites and transmitted in near-real time for inclusion in global forecasting models. From 26 January to 28 March 2016, twice-daily rawinsonde observations were made from Kiritimati (pronounced Christmas) Island (2.0°N, 157.4°E; call sign CXENRR). From 16 February to 16 March 2016, three to eight radiosondes were launched each day from the NOAA Ship Ronald H. Brown (allocated call sign WTEC) as it travelled southeast from Hawaii to service Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) buoys along longitudes 140°W and 125°W and then north to San Diego, California. Both the rapid and the remote nature of these deployments created particular difficulties in collecting and disseminating the soundings; these are described together with the methods used to reprocess the data after the field campaign finished. The reprocessed and lightly quality-controlled data have been put into an easy-to-read text format, qualifying them to be termed Level 2 soundings. They are archived and freely available for public access at NOAA's National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) in the form of two separate data sets: one consisting of 125 soundings from Kiritimati Island (doi:10.7289/V55Q4T5K), the other of 193 soundings from the NOAA Ship Ronald H. Brown (doi:10.7289/V5X63K15). Of the Kiritimati soundings, 94 % reached the tropopause and 88 % reached 40 hPa, while 89 % of the ship's soundings reached the tropopause and 87 % reached 40 hPa. The soundings captured the repeated advance and retreat of the ITCZ at Kiritimati, a variety of marine tropospheric environments encountered by the ship, and lower-stratospheric features of the 2015–2016 QBO (quasi-biennial oscillation), all providing a rich view of the local atmosphere's response to the east-central Pacific's extremely warm waters during the 2015/16 El Niño.

scholarly journals Ship- and island-based soundings from the 2016 El Niño Rapid Response (ENRR) field campaign

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 1165-1183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie M. Hartten ◽  
Christopher J. Cox ◽  
Paul E. Johnston ◽  
Daniel E. Wolfe ◽  
Scott Abbott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Rapid Response ◽  
Public Access ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Central Pacific ◽  
Quasi Biennial Oscillation ◽  
Field Campaign ◽  
Central Pacific Ocean ◽  
Christmas Island

Abstract. As the 2015/2016 El Niño was gathering strength in late 2015, scientists at the Earth System Research Laboratory's Physical Sciences Division proposed and led the implementation of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA's) El Niño Rapid Response (ENRR) Field Campaign. ENRR observations included wind and thermodynamic profiles of the atmosphere over the near-equatorial eastern central Pacific Ocean, many of which were collected from two field sites and transmitted in near-real time for inclusion in global forecasting models. From 26 January to 28 March 2016, twice-daily rawinsonde observations were made from Kiritimati (pronounced Christmas) Island (2.0° N, 157.4° E; call sign CXENRR). From 16 February to 16 March 2016, three to eight radiosondes were launched each day from NOAA Ship Ronald H. Brown (allocated call sign WTEC) as it travelled southeast from Hawaii to service Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) buoys along longitudes 140 and 125° W and then north to San Diego, California. Both the rapid and remote nature of these deployments created particular difficulties in collecting and disseminating the soundings; these are described together with the methods used to reprocess the data after the field campaign finished. The reprocessed and lightly quality-controlled data have been put into an easy-to-read text format, qualifying them to be termed Level 2 soundings. They are archived and freely available for public access at NOAA's National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) in the form of two separate data sets: one consisting of 125 soundings from Kiritimati (https://doi.org/10.7289/V55Q4T5K), the other of 193 soundings from NOAA Ship Ronald H. Brown (https://doi.org/10.7289/V5X63K15). Of the Kiritimati soundings, 94 % reached the tropopause and 88 % reached 40 hPa, while 89 % of the ship's soundings reached the tropopause and 87 % reached 40 hPa. The soundings captured the repeated advance and retreat of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) at Kiritimati, a variety of marine tropospheric environments encountered by the ship, and lower-stratospheric features of the 2015–2016 QBO (quasi-biennial oscillation), all providing a rich view of the local atmosphere's response to the eastern central Pacific's extremely warm waters during the 2015/16 El Niño.

scholarly journals Central-Pacific surface meteorology from the 2016 El Niño Rapid Response (ENRR) field campaign

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie M. Hartten ◽  
Christopher J. Cox ◽  
Paul E. Johnston ◽  
Daniel E. Wolfe ◽  
Scott Abbott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Surface Fluxes ◽  
Rapid Response ◽  
Public Access ◽  
Shortwave Radiation ◽  
Central Pacific ◽  
East Central ◽  
Field Campaign ◽  
Central Pacific Ocean

Abstract. During the early months of the 2015/16 El Niño event, scientists led by the Earth System Research Laboratory's Physical Sciences Division conducted NOAA's El Niño Rapid Response (ENRR) Field Campaign. One component of ENRR involved in-situ observations collected over the near-equatorial East-Central Pacific Ocean. From 25 January to 28 March 2016, standard surface meteorology observations, including rainfall, were collected at Kiritimati Island (2.0° N, 157.4° E) in support of twice-daily radiosonde launches. From 16 February to 16 March 2016, continuous measurements of surface meteorology, sea surface temperature, and downwelling shortwave radiation were made by the NOAA Ship Ronald H. Brown. These were largely done in support of the four to eight radiosondes launched each day as the ship travelled from Hawaii to TAO buoy locations along longitudes 140° W and 125° W and then back to port in San Diego, California. The rapid nature of these remote field deployments led to some specific challenges in addition to those common to many surface data collection efforts. This paper documents the two deployments as well as the steps taken to evaluate and process the data. The results are two multi-week surface meteorology data products and one accompanying set of surface fluxes, all collected in the core of the east-central Pacific's extremely warm waters. These data sets, plus metadata, are archived at the NOAA’s National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) and free for public access: surface meteorology from Kiritimati Island (doi:10.7289/V51Z42H4); surface meteorology and some surface fluxes from the NOAA Ship Ronald H. Brown (doi:10.7289/V5SF2T80; doi pending, available at http://accession.nodc.noaa.gov/0167875).

scholarly journals Central-Pacific surface meteorology from the 2016 El Niño Rapid Response (ENRR) field campaign

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 1139-1164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie M. Hartten ◽  
Christopher J. Cox ◽  
Paul E. Johnston ◽  
Daniel E. Wolfe ◽  
Scott Abbott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Surface Fluxes ◽  
Rapid Response ◽  
Public Access ◽  
Shortwave Radiation ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Central Pacific ◽  
Field Campaign ◽  
Central Pacific Ocean

Abstract. During the early months of the 2015/2016 El Niño event, scientists led by the Earth System Research Laboratory's Physical Sciences Division conducted the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA's) El Niño Rapid Response (ENRR) field campaign. One component of ENRR involved in situ observations collected over the near-equatorial eastern–central Pacific Ocean. From 25 January to 28 March 2016, standard surface meteorology observations, including rainfall, were collected at Kiritimati Island (2.0° N, 157.4° E) in support of twice-daily radiosonde launches. From 16 February to 16 March 2016, continuous measurements of surface meteorology, sea surface temperature, and downwelling shortwave radiation were made by NOAA Ship Ronald H. Brown. These were largely done in support of the four to eight radiosondes launched each day as the ship travelled from Hawaii to TAO buoy locations along longitudes 140 and 125° W and then back to port in San Diego, California. The rapid nature of these remote field deployments led to some specific challenges in addition to those common to many surface data collection efforts. This paper documents the two deployments as well as the steps taken to evaluate and process the data. The results are two multi-week surface meteorology data products and one accompanying set of surface fluxes, all collected in the core of the eastern–central Pacific's extremely warm waters. These data sets, plus metadata, are archived at the NOAA's National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) and are free for public access: surface meteorology from Kiritimati Island (https://doi.org/10.7289/V51Z42H4); surface meteorology and some surface fluxes from NOAA Ship Ronald H. Brown (https://doi.org/10.7289/V5SF2T80; https://doi.org/10.7289/V58050VP).

scholarly journals Response of the Antarctic stratosphere to warm pool El Niño Events in the GEOS CCM

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 9743-9767 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. Hurwitz ◽  
I.-S. Song ◽  
L. D. Oman ◽  
P. A. Newman ◽  
A. M. Molod ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
El Niño ◽  
Planetary Wave ◽  
Lower Stratosphere ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Warm Pool ◽  
Wave Activity ◽  
Central Pacific ◽  
Quasi Biennial Oscillation ◽  
South Central ◽  
The Antarctic

Abstract. A new formulation of the Goddard Earth Observing System Chemistry-Climate Model, Version 2 (GEOS V2 CCM), with an improved general circulation model and an internally generated quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO), is used to investigate the response of the Antarctic stratosphere to (1) warm pool El Niño (WPEN) events and (2) the sensitivity of this response to the phase of the QBO. Two 50-yr time-slice simulations are forced by repeating annual cycles of sea surface temperatures and sea ice concentrations composited from observed WPEN and neutral ENSO (ENSON) events. In these simulations, greenhouse gas and ozone-depleting substance concentrations represent the present-day climate. The modelled responses to WPEN, and to the phase of the QBO during WPEN, are compared with NASA's Modern Era Retrospective-Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) reanalysis. WPEN events enhance poleward planetary wave activity in the central South Pacific during austral spring, leading to relative warming of the Antarctic lower stratosphere in November/December. During the easterly phase of the QBO (QBO-E), the GEOS V2 CCM reproduces the observed 3–5 K warming of the polar region at 50 hPa, in the WPEN simulation relative to ENSON. In the recent past, the response to WPEN events was sensitive to the phase of the QBO: the enhancement in planetary wave driving and the lower stratospheric warming signal were mainly associated with WPEN events coincident with QBO-E. In the GEOS V2 CCM, however, the Antarctic response to WPEN events is insensitive to the phase of the QBO: the modelled response is always easterly QBO-like. OLR, streamfunction and Rossby wave energy diagnostics are used to show that the modelled QBO does not extend far enough into the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere to modulate convection and thus planetary wave activity in the south central Pacific.

scholarly journals Response of the Antarctic stratosphere to warm pool El Niño Events in the GEOS CCM

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (18) ◽  
pp. 9659-9669 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. Hurwitz ◽  
I.-S. Song ◽  
L. D. Oman ◽  
P. A. Newman ◽  
A. M. Molod ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
El Niño ◽  
Planetary Wave ◽  
Lower Stratosphere ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Warm Pool ◽  
Wave Activity ◽  
Central Pacific ◽  
Quasi Biennial Oscillation ◽  
South Central ◽  
The Antarctic

Abstract. The Goddard Earth Observing System Chemistry-Climate Model, Version 2 (GEOS V2 CCM) is used to investigate the response of the Antarctic stratosphere to (1) warm pool El Niño (WPEN) events and (2) the sensitivity of this response to the phase of the QBO. A new formulation of the GEOS V2 CCM includes an improved general circulation model and an internally generated quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO). Two 50-yr time-slice simulations are forced by repeating annual cycles of sea surface temperatures and sea ice concentrations composited from observed WPEN and neutral ENSO (ENSON) events. In these simulations, greenhouse gas and ozone-depleting substance concentrations represent the present-day climate. The modelled responses to WPEN, and to the phase of the QBO during WPEN, are compared with NASA's Modern Era Retrospective-Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) reanalysis. WPEN events enhance poleward tropospheric planetary wave activity in the central South Pacific region during austral spring, leading to relative warming of the Antarctic lower stratosphere in November/December. During the easterly phase of the QBO (QBO-E), the GEOS V2 CCM reproduces the observed 4–5 K warming of the polar region at 50 hPa, in the WPEN simulation relative to ENSON. In the recent past, the response to WPEN events was sensitive to the phase of the QBO: the enhancement in planetary wave driving and the lower stratospheric warming signal were mainly associated with WPEN events coincident with QBO-E. In the GEOS V2 CCM, however, the Antarctic response to WPEN events is insensitive to the phase of the QBO: the modelled response is always easterly QBO-like. The QBO signal does not extend far enough into the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere to modulate convection and thus planetary wave activity in the south central Pacific.

Advancing Science and Services during the 2015/16 El Niño: The NOAA El Niño Rapid Response Field Campaign

2018 ◽  
Vol 99 (5) ◽  
pp. 975-1001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randall M. Dole ◽  
J. Ryan Spackman ◽  
Matthew Newman ◽  
Gilbert P. Compo ◽  
Catherine A. Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Coast ◽  
El Niño ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Tropical Pacific ◽  
Rapid Response ◽  
Atmospheric Response ◽  
Field Campaign ◽  
Climate Event ◽  
Global Impacts

AbstractForecasts by mid-2015 for a strong El Niño during winter 2015/16 presented an exceptional scientific opportunity to accelerate advances in understanding and predictions of an extreme climate event and its impacts while the event was ongoing. Seizing this opportunity, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) initiated an El Niño Rapid Response (ENRR), conducting the first field campaign to obtain intensive atmospheric observations over the tropical Pacific during El Niño.The overarching ENRR goal was to determine the atmospheric response to El Niño and the implications for predicting extratropical storms and U.S. West Coast rainfall. The field campaign observations extended from the central tropical Pacific to the West Coast, with a primary focus on the initial tropical atmospheric response that links El Niño to its global impacts. NOAA deployed its Gulfstream-IV (G-IV) aircraft to obtain observations around organized tropical convection and poleward convective outflow near the heart of El Niño. Additional tropical Pacific observations were obtained by radiosondes launched from Kiritimati , Kiribati, and the NOAA ship Ronald H. Brown, and in the eastern North Pacific by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Global Hawk unmanned aerial system. These observations were all transmitted in real time for use in operational prediction models. An X-band radar installed in Santa Clara, California, helped characterize precipitation distributions. This suite supported an end-to-end capability extending from tropical Pacific processes to West Coast impacts. The ENRR observations were used during the event in operational predictions. They now provide an unprecedented dataset for further research to improve understanding and predictions of El Niño and its impacts.

Dominant Role of Subtropical Pacific Warming in Extreme Eastern Pacific Hurricane Seasons: 2015 and the Future

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 243-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki Murakami ◽  
Gabriel A. Vecchi ◽  
Thomas L. Delworth ◽  
Andrew T. Wittenberg ◽  
Seth Underwood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Boreal Summer ◽  
Central Pacific ◽  
Central Pacific Ocean ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Hurricane Season ◽  
Resolution Model

The 2015 hurricane season in the eastern and central Pacific Ocean (EPO and CPO), particularly around Hawaii, was extremely active, including a record number of tropical cyclones (TCs) and the first instance of three simultaneous category-4 hurricanes in the EPO and CPO. A strong El Niño developed during the 2015 boreal summer season and was attributed by some to be the cause of the extreme number of TCs. However, according to a suite of targeted high-resolution model experiments, the extreme 2015 EPO and CPO hurricane season was not primarily induced by the 2015 El Niño tropical Pacific warming, but by warming in the subtropical Pacific Ocean. This warming is not typical of El Niño, but rather of the Pacific meridional mode (PMM) superimposed on long-term anthropogenic warming. Although the likelihood of such an extreme year depends on the phase of natural variability, the coupled GCM projects an increase in the frequency of such extremely active TC years over the next few decades for EPO, CPO, and Hawaii as a result of enhanced subtropical Pacific warming from anthropogenic greenhouse gas forcing.

Contrasting effects of the El Niño 2015–16 event on coral reefs from the central pacific coast of Mexico

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Héctor Nava ◽  
Norma López ◽  
Pedro Ramírez‐García ◽  
Elizabeth Garibay‐Valladolid
Keyword(s):  
Coral Reefs ◽  
El Niño ◽  
Pacific Coast ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Central Pacific
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