scholarly journals A Harmonized Global Land Evaporation Dataset from Reanalysis Products Covering 1980–2017

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiao Lu ◽  
Guojie Wang ◽  
Tiexi Chen ◽  
Shijie Li ◽  
Daniel Fiifi Tawia Hagan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Africa ◽  
Model Performance ◽  
Congo Basin ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Ensemble Averaging ◽  
Data Merging ◽  
Multiple Data ◽  
Multiple Data Sets ◽  
High Consistency

Abstract. Land evaporation (ET) plays a crucial role in hydrological and energy cycle. However, the widely used numerical products are still subject to great uncertainties due to imperfect model parameterizations and forcing data. Lack of available observed data has further complicated the estimation. Hence, there is an urgency to define the global benchmark land ET for climate-induced hydrology and energy change. In this study, we have used the coefficient of variation (CV) and carefully selected merging regions with high consistency of multiple data sets. Reliability Ensemble Averaging (REA) method has been used to generate a long-term (1980–2017) daily ET product with a spatial resolution of 0.25 degree by merging the selected three data sets, ERA5, GLDAS2 and MERRA2. GLEAM3.2a and flux tower observation data have been selected as the data for reference and evaluation, respectively. The results showed that the merged product performed well under a variety of vegetation cover conditions as the weights were distributed across the east-west direction banding manner, with greater differences near the equator. The merged product also captured well the trend of land evaporation over different areas, showing the significant decreasing trend in Amazon plain in South America and Congo Basin in central Africa, and the increasing trend in the east of North America, west of Europe, south of Asia and north of Oceania. In addition to model performance, REA method also successfully worked for the model convergence showing as an outstanding reference for data merging of other variables. Data can be accessed at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4595941 (Lu et al., 2021).

scholarly journals A harmonized global land evaporation dataset from model-based products covering 1980–2017

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 5879-5898
Author(s):  
Jiao Lu ◽  
Guojie Wang ◽  
Tiexi Chen ◽  
Shijie Li ◽  
Daniel Fiifi Tawia Hagan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Africa ◽  
Congo Basin ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Ensemble Averaging ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Fifth Generation ◽  
Energy Cycle ◽  
Global Land ◽  
Land Data Assimilation ◽  
Land Data Assimilation System

Abstract. Land evaporation (ET) plays a crucial role in the hydrological and energy cycle. However, the widely used model-based products, even though helpful, are still subject to great uncertainties due to imperfect model parameterizations and forcing data. The lack of available observed data has further complicated estimation. Hence, there is an urgency to define the global proxy land ET with lower uncertainties for climate-induced hydrology and energy change. This study has combined three existing model-based products – the fifth-generation ECMWF reanalysis (ERA5), Global Land Data Assimilation System Version 2 (GLDAS2), and the second Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA-2) – to obtain a single framework of a long-term (1980–2017) daily ET product at a spatial resolution of 0.25∘. Here, we use the reliability ensemble averaging (REA) method, which minimizes errors using reference data, to combine the three products over regions with high consistencies between the products using the coefficient of variation (CV). The Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model Version 3.2a (GLEAM3.2a) and flux tower observation data were selected as the data for reference and evaluation, respectively. The results showed that the merged product performed well over a range of vegetation cover scenarios. The merged product also captured the trend of land evaporation over different areas well, showing the significant decreasing trend in the Amazon Plain in South America and Congo Basin in central Africa and the increasing trend in the east of North America, west of Europe, south of Asia and north of Oceania. In addition to demonstrating a good performance, the REA method also successfully converged the models based on the reliability of the inputs. The resulting REA data can be accessed at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4595941 (Lu et al., 2021).

The development of nurses’ foundational values

2021 ◽  
pp. 096973302110032
Author(s):  
Sastrawan Sastrawan ◽  
Jennifer Weller-Newton ◽  
Gabrielle Brand ◽  
Gulzar Malik
Keyword(s):  
Professional Training ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Constructivist Grounded Theory ◽  
Professional Values ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Value System ◽  
Institutional Values ◽  
Multiple Data ◽  
Human Ethics ◽  
Multiple Data Sets

Background: In the ever-changing and complex healthcare environment, nurses encounter challenging situations that may involve a clash between their personal and professional values resulting in a profound impact on their practice. Nevertheless, there is a dearth of literature on how nurses develop their personal–professional values. Aim: The aim of this study was to understand how nurses develop their foundational values as the base for their value system. Research design: A constructivist grounded theory methodology was employed to collect multiple data sets, including face-to-face focus group and individual interviews, along with anecdote and reflective stories. Participants and research context: Fifty-four nurses working across various nursing settings in Indonesia were recruited to participate. Ethical considerations: Ethics approval was obtained from the Monash University Human Ethics Committee, project approval number 1553. Findings: Foundational values acquisition was achieved through family upbringing, professional nurse education and organisational/institutional values reinforcement. These values are framed through three reference points: religious lens, humanity perspective and professionalism. This framing results in a unique combination of personal–professional values that comprise nurses’ values system. Values are transferred to other nurses either in a formal or informal way as part of one’s professional responsibility and customary social interaction via telling and sharing in person or through social media. Discussion: Values and ethics are inherently interweaved during nursing practice. Ethical and moral values are part of professional training, but other values are often buried in a hidden curriculum, and attained and activated through interactions during nurses’ training. Conclusion: Developing a value system is a complex undertaking that involves basic social processes of attaining, enacting and socialising values. These processes encompass several intertwined entities such as the sources of values, the pool of foundational values, value perspectives and framings, initial value structures, and methods of value transference.

scholarly journals Evaluation of daily precipitation statistics and monsoon onset/retreat over western Sahel in multiple data sets

2014 ◽  
Vol 45 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 1325-1354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilia Paula Diaconescu ◽  
Philippe Gachon ◽  
John Scinocca ◽  
René Laprise
Keyword(s):  
Daily Precipitation ◽  
Monsoon Onset ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Multiple Data ◽  
Western Sahel ◽  
Multiple Data Sets

Can earning much lead to doing good? Firm performance implications for corporate social responsibility

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Siyu Hou ◽  
Zhaoyang Guo ◽  
Chuangneng Cai ◽  
Xiaobo Jiao
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Social Responsibility ◽  
Firm Performance ◽  
Social Responsibility ◽  
State Ownership ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Multiple Data ◽  
Instrumental Variable Regression ◽  
Multiple Data Sets ◽  
Corporate Social

Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of firm performance on corporate social responsibility (CSR) and its possible moderating effect. Despite the significance of CSR, there remains an extensive debate about how it is affected by firm performance. Design/methodology/approach The conceptual model is mainly built on goal-setting theory. Based on archival data from multiple data sets on 1,650 companies, collected from 2010 to 2017, the hypotheses are tested using the two-stage instrumental variable regression method. Findings There is an inverted U-shaped relationship between firm performance and CSR that first increases and then decreases. In addition, considering the boundary conditions, state ownership makes the inverted U-shaped curve steeper, while high executive wage concentration makes the inverted U-shaped curve flatter. Research limitations/implications This study harmonizes the traditional contradictory findings of the influence of firm performance on CSR, that is, it supports a positive, negative or neutral relationship between the two. Originality/value This research provides a necessary structure for the CSR literature. By delving deeply into the relationship between firm performance and CSR, it enables scholars to better address the critical management question of whether earning more will lead to doing good.

Assimilation of multiple data sets with the ensemble Kalman filter to improve forecasts of forest carbon dynamics

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 1461-1473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Gao ◽  
Han Wang ◽  
Ensheng Weng ◽  
S. Lakshmivarahan ◽  
Yanfen Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kalman Filter ◽  
Ensemble Kalman Filter ◽  
Carbon Dynamics ◽  
Forest Carbon ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Multiple Data ◽  
Multiple Data Sets
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