Architecture of solution for panoramic image blurring in  GIS project application

Abstract. Panoramic images captured using laser scanning technologies, which principally produce point clouds, are readily applicable in colorization of point cloud, detailed visual inspection, road defect detection, spatial entities extraction, diverse maps creation etc. This paper underlines the importance of images in modern surveying technologies and different GIS projects at the same time having regard to their anonymization in accordance with GDPR. Namely, it is a legislative requirement that faces of persons and license plates of vehicles in the collected data are blurred. The objective of this paper is to present a novel architecture of the solution for a particular object blurring. The methodology was tested on four data sets counting 5000, 10 000, 15 000 and 20 000 panoramic images respectively. Percentage of accuracy, i.e. successfully detected and blurred objects of interest, was higher than 97 % for each data set.

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Targetless Coregistration of Terrestrial Laser Scanning Point Clouds Using a Multi Surrounding Scan Image-Based Technique

Surveying and Geospatial Engineering Journal ◽

10.38094/sgej112 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 01-07

Author(s):

Bashar Alsadik

Keyword(s):

Image Matching ◽

Point Cloud ◽

Laser Scanning ◽

Terrestrial Laser Scanning ◽

Experimental Tests ◽

Point Clouds ◽

Data Set ◽

Panoramic Images ◽

Fine Registration ◽

Rgb Values

The coregistration of terrestrial laser point clouds is widely investigated where different techniques are presented to solve this problem. The techniques are divided either as target-based or targetless approaches for coarse and fine coregistration. The targetless approach is more challenging since no physical reference targets are placed in the field during the scanning. Mainly, targetless methods are image-based and they are applied through projecting the point clouds back to the scanning stations. The projected 360 point cloud images are normally in the form of panoramic images utilizing either intensity or RGB values, and an image matching is followed to align the scan stations together. However, the point cloud coregistration is still a challenge since ICP like methods are applicable for fine registration. Furthermore, image-based approaches are restricted when there is: a limited overlap between point clouds, no RGB data accompanied to intensity values, and unstructured scanned objects in the point clouds. Therefore, we present in this paper the concept of a multi surrounding scan MSS image-based approach to overcome the difficulty to register point clouds in challenging cases. The multi surrounding scan approach means to create multi-perspective images per laser scan point cloud. These multi-perspective images will offer different viewpoints per scan station to overcome the viewpoint distortion that causes the failure of the image matching in challenging situations. Two experimental tests are applied using point clouds collected in Enschede city and the published 3D toolkit data set in Bremen city. The experiments showed a successful coregistration approach even in challenging settings with different constellations.

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In/acceptable marketing and consumers' privacy expectations: four tests from EU data protection law

Journal of Consumer Marketing ◽

10.1108/jcm-03-2021-4571 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Gianclaudio Malgieri

Keyword(s):

Data Protection ◽

Legal Framework ◽

Online Marketing ◽

Step Test ◽

The European Union ◽

Content Type ◽

General Data Protection Regulation ◽

Managerial Implications ◽

Data Protection Law ◽

Legal Frameworks

Purpose This study aims to discover the legal borderline between licit online marketing and illicit privacy-intrusive and manipulative marketing, considering in particular consumers’ expectations of privacy. Design/methodology/approach A doctrinal legal research methodology is applied throughout with reference to the relevant legislative frameworks. In particular, this study analyzes the European Union (EU) data protection law [General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)] framework (as it is one of the most advanced privacy laws in the world, with strong extra-territorial impact in other countries and consequent risks of high fines), as compared to privacy scholarship on the field and extract a compliance framework for marketers. Findings The GDPR is a solid compliance framework that can help to distinguish licit marketing from illicit one. It brings clarity through four legal tests: fairness test, lawfulness test, significant effect test and the high-risk test. The performance of these tests can be beneficial to consumers and marketers in particular considering that meeting consumers’ expectation of privacy can enhance their trust. A solution for marketers to respect and leverage consumers’ privacy expectations is twofold: enhancing critical transparency and avoiding the exploitation of individual vulnerabilities. Research limitations/implications This study is limited to the European legal framework scenario and to theoretical analysis. Further research is necessary to investigate other legal frameworks and to prove this model in practice, measuring not only the consumers’ expectation of privacy in different contexts but also the practical managerial implications of the four GDPR tests for marketers. Originality/value This study originally contextualizes the most recent privacy scholarship on online manipulation within the EU legal framework, proposing an easy and accessible four-step test and twofold solution for marketers. Such a test might be beneficial both for marketers and for consumers’ expectations of privacy.

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ON A KNOWLEDGE-BASED APPROACH TO THE CLASSIFICATION OF MOBILE LASER SCANNING POINT CLOUDS

ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences ◽

10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-343-2018 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol XLII-4 ◽

pp. 343-349 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M. Lemmens

Keyword(s):

Point Cloud ◽

Laser Scanning ◽

Decision Rules ◽

Point Clouds ◽

Bench Mark ◽

Automated Classification ◽

Initial Experiment ◽

Data Set ◽

Knowledge Based

Abstract. A knowledge-based system exploits the knowledge, which a human expert uses for completing a complex task, through a database containing decision rules, and an inference engine. Already in the early nineties knowledge-based systems have been proposed for automated image classification. Lack of success faded out initial interest and enthusiasm, the same fate neural networks struck at that time. Today the latter enjoy a steady revival. This paper aims at demonstrating that a knowledge-based approach to automated classification of mobile laser scanning point clouds has promising prospects. An initial experiment exploiting only two features, height and reflectance value, resulted in an overall accuracy of 79% for the Paris-rue-Madame point cloud bench mark data set.

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Artificial intelligence, Digital Single Market and the proposal of a right to fair and reasonable inferences: a legal issue between ethics and techniques

Unio - EU Law Journal ◽

10.21814/unio.5.2.2294 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 75-91

Author(s):

Alexandre Veronese ◽

Alessandra Silveira ◽

Amanda Nunes Lopes Espiñeira Lemos

Keyword(s):

Artificial Intelligence ◽

European Union ◽

Data Protection ◽

Personal Data ◽

Legal Framework ◽

Single Market ◽

Legal Issue ◽

The European Union ◽

European Union Law ◽

General Data Protection Regulation

The article discusses the ethical and technical consequences of Artificial intelligence (hereinafter, A.I) applications and their usage of the European Union data protection legal framework to enable citizens to defend themselves against them. This goal is under the larger European Union Digital Single Market policy, which has concerns about how this subject correlates with personal data protection. The article has four sections. The first one introduces the main issue by describing the importance of AI applications in the contemporary world scenario. The second one describes some fundamental concepts about AI. The third section has an analysis of the ongoing policies for AI in the European Union and the Council of Europe proposal about ethics applicable to AI in the judicial systems. The fourth section is the conclusion, which debates the current legal mechanisms for citizens protection against fully automated decisions, based on European Union Law and in particular the General Data Protection Regulation. The conclusion will be that European Union Law is still under construction when it comes to providing effective protection to its citizens against automated inferences that are unfair or unreasonable.

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Analysis of the US Privacy Model

Research Anthology on Privatizing and Securing Data ◽

10.4018/978-1-7998-8954-0.ch087 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1818-1825

Author(s):

Francisco García Martínez

Keyword(s):

Data Privacy ◽

Personal Information ◽

National Level ◽

The United States ◽

The European Union ◽

General Data Protection Regulation ◽

Privacy Laws ◽

The Us ◽

General Data ◽

State Of Art

The creation of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) constituted an enormous advance in data privacy, empowering the online consumers, who were doomed to the complete loss of control of their personal information. Although it may first seem that it only affects companies within the European Union, the regulation clearly states that every company who has businesses in the EU must be compliant with the GDPR. Other non-EU countries, like the United States, have seen the benefits of the GDPR and are already developing their own privacy laws. In this article, the most important updates introduced by the GDPR concerning US corporations will be discussed, as well as how American companies can become compliant with the regulation. Besides, a comparison between the GDPR and the state of art of privacy in the US will be presented, highlighting similarities and disparities at the national level and in states of particular interest.

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Analysis of the US Privacy Model

International Journal of Hyperconnectivity and the Internet of Things ◽

10.4018/ijhiot.2019010103 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 43-52

Author(s):

Francisco García Martínez

Keyword(s):

Data Privacy ◽

Personal Information ◽

National Level ◽

The United States ◽

The European Union ◽

General Data Protection Regulation ◽

Privacy Laws ◽

The Us ◽

General Data ◽

The Eu

The creation of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) constituted an enormous advance in data privacy, empowering the online consumers, who were doomed to the complete loss of control of their personal information. Although it may first seem that it only affects companies within the European Union, the regulation clearly states that every company who has businesses in the EU must be compliant with the GDPR. Other non-EU countries, like the United States, have seen the benefits of the GDPR and are already developing their own privacy laws. In this article, the most important updates introduced by the GDPR concerning US corporations will be discussed, as well as how American companies can become compliant with the regulation. Besides, a comparison between the GDPR and the state of art of privacy in the US will be presented, highlighting similarities and disparities at the national level and in states of particular interest.

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Terrestrial Laser Scanning and Ground Truth Data for Characterizing Downed Dead Wood

10.31219/osf.io/gz93a ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Tuomas Yrttimaa ◽

Ninni Saarinen ◽

Ville Luoma ◽

Topi Tanhuanpää ◽

Ville Kankare ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Boreal Forests ◽

Laser Scanning ◽

Dead Wood ◽

Terrestrial Laser Scanning ◽

Ground Truth ◽

Point Clouds ◽

Data Set ◽

Ground Truth Data ◽

Standing Trees ◽

Downed Dead Wood

The feasibility of terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) in characterizing standing trees has been frequently investigated, while less effort has been put in quantifying downed dead wood using TLS. To advance dead wood characterization using TLS, we collected TLS point clouds and downed dead wood information from 20 sample plots (32 m x 32 m in size) located in southern Finland. This data set can be used in developing new algorithms for downed dead wood detection and characterization as well as for understanding spatial patterns of downed dead wood in boreal forests.

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Social credit mechanisms and modern standards of legal protection of personal data: correspondence problems

Юридические исследования ◽

10.25136/2409-7136.2021.9.36520 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 174-189

Author(s):

Roman Z. Rouvinsky

Keyword(s):

Public Administration ◽

Data Protection ◽

Management Practices ◽

Personal Information ◽

Personal Data ◽

Legal Protection ◽

The European Union ◽

Credit System ◽

General Data Protection Regulation ◽

Social Credit

The subject of this article is the problem of correspondence of the practices of digital profiling and social score, which imply collection and analysis of biographical (reputational) information, to the worldwide-accepted standards of protection of personal data and privacy. Analysis is conducted on the legislation of the People's Republic of China – the country that in recent years has implemented the “Social Credit System” in the sphere of public administration. This project consists of management practices, which are viewed through the prism of the legal model of personal data protection formed by the Law in Protection of Personal Information adopted in 2021. The peculiarity of this research is its comparative legal nature: the provisions of China’s legislation are juxtaposed to the provisions of the General Data Protection Regulation adopted in the European Union and Russia’s Federal Law “On Personal Data”. Assessment is given to the European and Russian models of regulation of operations with personal data in the context of possible implementation of digital profiling practices, social score (ranking, grading), and automated law enforcement decision-making. Having determined the gaps in the current Russian and EU legislation on personal data, and indicating the risk caused by the presence of blanket rules, the conclusion is made according to which the modern legislation on personal data can be an obstacle for arbitrary use of such data; however, it cannot stop the implementation of innovative technologies, mechanisms and practices that suggest using registry and biographical information of individuals for the purpose of social control into the public administration.

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Choosing lobbying sides: the General Data Protection Regulation of the European Union

Journal of Public Policy ◽

10.1017/s0143814x18000223 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 39 (4) ◽

pp. 543-564

Author(s):

Ece Özlem Atikcan ◽

Adam William Chalmers

Keyword(s):

Interest Groups ◽

Data Protection ◽

Economic Activity ◽

Fundamental Question ◽

The European Union ◽

Firm Level ◽

Data Set ◽

General Data Protection Regulation ◽

Regulatory Issue ◽

General Data

AbstractDespite the impressive amount of empirical research on lobbying, a fundamental question remains overlooked. How do interest groups choose to lobby different sides of an issue? We argue that how groups choose sides is a function of firm-level economic activity. By studying a highly salient regulatory issue, the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), and using a novel data set of lobbying activities, we reveal that a group’s main economic sector matters most. Firms operating in finance and retail face unique costs and are incentivised to lobby against the GDPR. However, these groups are outgunned by a large, heterogeneous group of firms with superior lobbying firepower on the other side of the issue.

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