INTEGRATION OF POINT CLOUDS DATASET FROM DIFFERENT SENSORS

Laser Scanner technology become an option in the process of collecting data nowadays. It is composed of Airborne Laser Scanner (ALS) and Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS). ALS like Phoenix AL3-32 can provide accurate information from the viewpoint of rooftop while TLS as Leica C10 can provide complete data for building facade. However if both are integrated, it is able to produce more accurate data. The focus of this study is to integrate both types of data acquisition of ALS and TLS and determine the accuracy of the data obtained. The final results acquired will be used to generate models of three-dimensional (3D) buildings. The scope of this study is focusing on data acquisition of UTM Eco-home through laser scanning methods such as ALS which scanning on the roof and the TLS which scanning on building façade. Both device is used to ensure that no part of the building that are not scanned. In data integration process, both are registered by the selected points among the manmade features which are clearly visible in Cyclone 7.3 software. The accuracy of integrated data is determined based on the accuracy assessment which is carried out using man-made registration methods. The result of integration process can achieve below 0.04m. This integrated data then are used to generate a 3D model of UTM Eco-home building using SketchUp software. In conclusion, the combination of the data acquisition integration between ALS and TLS would produce the accurate integrated data and able to use for generate a 3D model of UTM eco-home. For visualization purposes, the 3D building model which generated is prepared in Level of Detail 3 (LOD3) which recommended by City Geographic Mark-Up Language (CityGML).

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Accuracy Assessment of 3D Model Based on Laser Scan and Photogrammetry Data

Iraqi Journal of Science ◽

10.24996/ijs.2021.62.11.37 ◽

2022 ◽

pp. 4195-4207

Author(s):

Marwa Mohamed ◽

Zahra Ezz El Din ◽

Laila Qais

Keyword(s):

Laser Scanning ◽

3D Model ◽

Accuracy Assessment ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Point Clouds ◽

Field Work ◽

Reference Points ◽

3D Point Clouds ◽

The Difference ◽

The University

A three-dimensional (3D) model extraction represents the best way to reflect the reality in all details. This explains the trends and tendency of many scientific disciplines towards making measurements, calculations and monitoring in various fields using such model. Although there are many ways to produce the 3D model like as images, integration techniques, and laser scanning, however, the quality of their products is not the same in terms of accuracy and detail. This article aims to assess the 3D point clouds model accuracy results from close range images and laser scan data based on Agi soft photoscan and cloud compare software to determine the compatibility of both datasets for several applications. College of Science, Departments of Mathematics and Computer in the University of Baghdad campus were exploited to create the proposed 3D model as this area location, which is one of the distinctive features of the university, allows making measurements freely from all sides. Results of this study supported by statistical analysis including 2 sample T-test and RMSE calculation in addition to visual comparison. Through this research, we note that the laser3D model provides many points in a short time, so it will reduce the field work and also its data is faster in processing to produce a reliable model of the scanned area compared with data derived from photogrammetry, then the difference were computed for all the reference points.

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THE SUITABILITY OF TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNING FOR BUILDING SURVEY AND MAPPING APPLICATIONS

ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences ◽

10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w9-663-2019 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol XLII-2/W9 ◽

pp. 663-670 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

N. A. S. Russhakim ◽

M. F. M. Ariff ◽

Z. Majid ◽

K. M. Idris ◽

N. Darwin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Laser Scanning ◽

3D Model ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Laser Scanner ◽

Terrestrial Laser Scanning ◽

Point Clouds ◽

Short Period ◽

Complex Building ◽

The Difference ◽

2D Data

Abstract. The popularity of Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) has been introduced into a field of surveying and has increased dramatically especially in producing the 3D model of the building. The used of terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) is becoming rapidly popular because of its ability in several applications, especially the ability to observe complex documentation of complex building and observe millions of point cloud in three-dimensional in a short period. Users of building plan usually find it difficult to translate the traditional two-dimensional (2D) data on maps they see on a flat piece of paper to three-dimensional (3D). The TLS is able to record thousands of point clouds which contains very rich of geometry details and made the processing usually takes longer time. In addition, the demand of building survey work has made the surveyors need to obtain the data with full of accuracy and time saves. Therefore, the aim of this study is to study the limitation uses of TLS and its suitability for building survey and mapping. In this study, the efficiency of TLS Leica C10 for building survey was determined in term of its accuracy and comparing with Zeb-Revo Handheld Mobile Laser Scanning (MLS) and the distometer. The accuracy for scanned data from both, TLS and MLS were compared with the Distometer by using root mean square error (RMSE) formula. Then, the 3D model of the building for both data, TLS and MLS were produced to analyze the visualization for different type of scanners. The software used; Autodesk Recap, Autodesk Revit, Leica Cyclone Software, Autocad Software and Geo Slam Software. The RMSE for TLS technique is 0.001m meanwhile, RMSE for MLS technique is 0.007m. The difference between these two techniques is 0.006m. The 3D model of building for both models did not have too much different but the scanned data from TLS is much easier to process and generate the 3D model compared to scanned data from MLS. It is because the scanned data from TLS comes with an image, while none from MLS scanned data. There are limitations of TLS for building survey such as water and glass window but this study proved that acquiring data by TLS is better than using MLS.

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INTEGRATION BETWEEN UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE AND TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNER IN PRODUCING 3D MODEL

ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences ◽

10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w16-391-2019 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol XLII-4/W16 ◽

pp. 391-398 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

A. Mat Adnan ◽

N. Darwin ◽

M. F. M. Ariff ◽

Z. Majid ◽

K. M. Idris

Keyword(s):

Data Acquisition ◽

3D Model ◽

Accuracy Assessment ◽

Laser Scanner ◽

Point Clouds ◽

Aerial Survey ◽

3D Data ◽

Ground Survey ◽

Aerial Vehicle ◽

Uav Images

Abstract. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) frequently used for obtaining 2D or 3D data acquisition. Meanwhile, Terrestrial Laser Scanners (TLS) are used for obtaining only 3D data acquisition. However if both are integrated, they were able to produce a more accurate data. The purpose of this study is to investigate the possible integration of point clouds obtained by TLS with UAV images at T06 FBES building through the aerial survey where the roof is scanned and ground survey which scans the facades‟ building. Topcon GLS 2000 and DJI Inspire 1 UAV were used to acquire the data at the field. The aerial data and ground data were processed using Pix4D and Scanmaster respectively. The data integration process is done by converting both point clouds into the same coordinate system and then by aligning the same points of both points clouds in Cloud Compare. For verification purposes, dimensional survey was done and there are several distances were taken from the study area to validate the accuracy assessment. The result of residuals between the dimension survey and integration is 0.183 m which is below 1 meter. The result of this study is a 3D model of UTM T06 FBES building based on the point cloud accuracy in cm level. To conclude, the integration between these two methods can be implemented to produce an accurate 3D model.

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Digital Documentation and a 3-D Model of Beaufort Castle via RTK GNSS, Terrestrial Laser Scanner and UAS-based Photogrammetry

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202131005002 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 310 ◽

pp. 05002

Author(s):

Yousef Naanouh ◽

Vasyutinskaya Stanislava

Keyword(s):

Laser Scanning ◽

3D Model ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Laser Scanner ◽

Terrestrial Laser Scanning ◽

Three Dimensional Model ◽

South Lebanon ◽

Aerial Vehicle ◽

Digital Documentation ◽

D Model

Three-dimensional digital technology is important in the maintenance and monitoring of archeological sites. This paper focuses on using a combination of terrestrial laser scanning and unmanned aerial vehicle (Phantom 4 pro) photogrammetry to establish a three-dimensional model and associated digital documentation of Beaufort castle (Arnoun, South Lebanon). The overall discrepancy between the two technologies was sufficient for the generation of convergent data. Thus, the terrestrial laser scanning and phantom 4 photogrammetry data were aligned and merged post-conversion into compatible extensions. A three-D dimensional (3D) model, with planar and perpendicular geometries, based on the hybrid datapoint cloud was developed. This study demonstrates the potential of using the integration of terrestrial laser scanning and photogrammetry in 3D digital documentation and spatial analysis of the Lebanese archeological sites.

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COMPARISON OF ZEB1 AND LEICA C10 INDOOR LASER SCANNING POINT CLOUDS

ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences ◽

10.5194/isprs-annals-iii-1-143-2016 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol III-1 ◽

pp. 143-149

Author(s):

Beril Sirmacek ◽

Yueqian Shen ◽

Roderik Lindenbergh ◽

Sisi Zlatanova ◽

Abdoulaye Diakite

Keyword(s):

Data Acquisition ◽

Point Cloud ◽

Laser Scanning ◽

Laser Scanner ◽

Point Clouds ◽

Quality Of Data ◽

Local Point ◽

Measurement Planning ◽

Data Acquisition And Processing

We present a comparison of point cloud generation and quality of data acquired by Zebedee (Zeb1) and Leica C10 devices which are used in the same building interior. Both sensor devices come with different practical and technical advantages. As it could be expected, these advantages come with some drawbacks. Therefore, depending on the requirements of the project, it is important to have a vision about what to expect from different sensors. In this paper, we provide a detailed analysis of the point clouds of the same room interior acquired from Zeb1 and Leica C10 sensors. First, it is visually assessed how different features appear in both the Zeb1 and Leica C10 point clouds. Next, a quantitative analysis is given by comparing local point density, local noise level and stability of local normals. Finally, a simple 3D room plan is extracted from both the Zeb1 and the Leica C10 point clouds and the lengths of constructed line segments connecting corners of the room are compared. The results show that Zeb1 is far superior in ease of data acquisition. No heavy handling, hardly no measurement planning and no point cloud registration is required from the operator. The resulting point cloud has a quality in the order of centimeters, which is fine for generating a 3D interior model of a building. Our results also clearly show that fine details of for example ornaments are invisible in the Zeb1 data. If point clouds with a quality in the order of millimeters are required, still a high-end laser scanner like the Leica C10 is required, in combination with a more sophisticated, time-consuming and elaborative data acquisition and processing approach.

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POINT CLOUD DERIVED FROMVIDEO FRAMES: ACCURACY ASSESSMENT IN RELATION TO TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNINGAND DIGITAL CAMERA DATA

ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences ◽

10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w3-217-2017 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol XLII-2/W3 ◽

pp. 217-223 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

P. Delis ◽

M. Zacharek ◽

D. Wierzbicki ◽

A. Grochala

Keyword(s):

Data Storage ◽

Point Cloud ◽

Laser Scanning ◽

3D Model ◽

Accuracy Assessment ◽

Point Clouds ◽

Histogram Equalization ◽

Video Data ◽

Video Frame ◽

Video Frames

The use of image sequences in the form of video frames recorded on data storage is very useful in especially when working with large and complex structures. Two cameras were used in this study: Sony NEX-5N (for the test object) and Sony NEX-VG10 E (for the historic building). In both cases, a Sony α f&thinsp;=&thinsp;16&thinsp;mm fixed focus wide-angle lens was used. Single frames with sufficient overlap were selected from the video sequence using an equation for automatic frame selection. In order to improve the quality of the generated point clouds, each video frame underwent histogram equalization and image sharpening. Point clouds were generated from the video frames using the SGM-like image matching algorithm. The accuracy assessment was based on two reference point clouds: the first from terrestrial laser scanning and the second generated based on images acquired using a high resolution camera, the NIKON D800. The performed research has shown, that highest accuracies are obtained for point clouds generated from video frames, for which a high pass filtration and histogram equalization had been performed. Studies have shown that to obtain a point cloud density comparable to TLS, an overlap between subsequent video frames must be 85&thinsp;% or more. Based on the point cloud generated from video data, a parametric 3D model can be generated. This type of the 3D model can be used in HBIM construction.

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COMPARISON OF ZEB1 AND LEICA C10 INDOOR LASER SCANNING POINT CLOUDS

ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences ◽

10.5194/isprsannals-iii-1-143-2016 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol III-1 ◽

pp. 143-149 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Beril Sirmacek ◽

Yueqian Shen ◽

Roderik Lindenbergh ◽

Sisi Zlatanova ◽

Abdoulaye Diakite

Keyword(s):

Data Acquisition ◽

Point Cloud ◽

Laser Scanning ◽

Laser Scanner ◽

Point Clouds ◽

Quality Of Data ◽

Local Point ◽

Measurement Planning ◽

Data Acquisition And Processing

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FIRST EXPERIENCES WITH THE TRIMBLE SX10 SCANNING TOTAL STATION FOR BUILDING FACADE SURVEY

ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences ◽

10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w3-405-2017 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol XLII-2/W3 ◽

pp. 405-412 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

E. Lachat ◽

T. Landes ◽

P. Grussenmeyer

Keyword(s):

Laser Scanning ◽

Large Scale ◽

Laser Scanner ◽

Point Clouds ◽

User Needs ◽

Research Areas ◽

Points Of Interest ◽

Building Facade ◽

Technological Advances ◽

Aerial Vehicle

The use of Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) tends to become a solution in many research areas related to large scale surveying. Meanwhile, the technological advances combined with the investigation of user needs have brought to the design of innovative devices known as scanning total stations. Such instruments merge in a unique hardware both scanning and surveying facilities. Even if their scanning rate is often reduced compared to conventional TLS, they make it possible to directly georeference laser scanning projects and to complete them with measurements of individual points of interest. The recent Trimble SX10 which was launched on the market in early October 2016 has been tested and some experiences carried out with it are reported in this paper. The analyses mainly focus on the survey of a building facade. Next to laser scanning survey, a photogrammetry campaign using an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) has been carried out. These different datasets are used to assess the Trimble SX10 issued point clouds through a set of comparisons. Since georeferencing is possible either directly or indirectly using this device, data processed both ways are also compared to conclude about the more reliable method.

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3D Documentation with TLS of Caliphal Gate (Ceuta, Spain)

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app10155377 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (15) ◽

pp. 5377

Author(s):

Rubén Pérez-Álvarez ◽

Julio Manuel de Luis-Ruiz ◽

Raúl Pereda-García ◽

Gema Fernández-Maroto ◽

Beatriz Malagón-Picón

Keyword(s):

Data Management ◽

3D Modeling ◽

3D Model ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Laser Scanner ◽

Point Clouds ◽

Portable Document Format ◽

Interactive Applications ◽

3D Documentation ◽

Document Format

Three-dimensional surveying with a terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) has implied a revolution in the field of 3D modeling, as this methodology provides detailed point-clouds with simplified processes of capture. In addition to the point-clouds, other outputs can be obtained, such as ortho-images, virtual itineraries, 2D cartography, and meshes, which implies a second avenue of multimedia products, such as 3D Portable Document Format (PDF) files and interactive applications. All these options are interesting for the management and broadcast of cultural heritage. The works that have been developed in this research are aimed at setting a workflow for the TLS surveying works and subsequent data management for the generation of a 3D model of the Caliphal Gate of Ceuta, which is considered as one of the most important medieval findings in Spain in recent years, and its immediate surroundings. This model and the different outputs that have been obtained from it allow for the continuation of the historiographic analysis of the complex, while documenting a partial stage in the development of the works of enhancement. In addition to this, these products are not only useful in terms of conservation studies or enhancement, as they are also suitable for the dissemination of the site. Special attention has been set on the paid suitable software for data management while generating the outputs, and for its application by the final users.

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COMPARISON OF UAVS PERFORMANCE FOR A ROMAN AMPHITHEATRE SURVEY: THE CASE OF AVELLA (ITALY)

ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences ◽

10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w11-179-2019 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol XLII-2/W11 ◽

pp. 179-186 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

S. Barba ◽

M. Barbarella ◽

A. Di Benedetto ◽

M. Fiani ◽

M. Limongiello

Keyword(s):

Accuracy Assessment ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Laser Scanner ◽

Point Clouds ◽

3D Models ◽

Remote Sensors ◽

Ground Control Points ◽

Panoramic Images ◽

Three Dimensional Models ◽

The Cost

Abstract. In the field of archaeological surveying, remote sensors and especially photogrammetric and laser scanner systems are widely used to create 3D models. The use of photogrammetric surveying with UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles), combined with Computer Vision algorithms, allows the building of three-dimensional models, characterized by photo-realistic textures. The choice of which method to use mainly depends on the complexity of the investigated site, the accuracy requirements and the available budget and time. The different components of the UAV system determine its characteristics in terms of performance and accuracy, therefore define its quality and the cost too. This study presents an assessment of the accuracy of point clouds derived by two UAV systems, a commercial quadcopter (DJI Phantom 3 Professional), a professional assembled hexacopter, and by a TLS (Terrestrial Laser Scanner) in order to compare photogrammetric and laser scanner data for archaeological applications. In this paper, we present a case study to compare and analyse the metric accuracy of the point clouds and the distribution of the GCPs (Ground Control Points). This accuracy assessment will serve to quantify the uncertainty in the absolute position of the GCPs, identified on the panoramic images in the absence of artificial targets. Executed experiments showed that in tested UAVs, the choice of the GCPs has significant impact on point cloud accuracy. Estimated absolute accuracy of point clouds collected during both test flights was better than 5&thinsp;cm.

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