scholarly journals Wild African great apes as natural hosts of malaria parasites: current knowledge and research perspectives

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hélène Marie De Nys ◽  
Therese Löhrich ◽  
Doris Wu ◽  
Sébastien Calvignac-Spencer ◽  
Fabian Hubertus Leendertz
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Great Apes ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Great Ape ◽  
Malaria Parasites ◽  
Research Perspectives ◽  
Parasite Ecology ◽  
Natural Hosts ◽  
African Great Apes

Abstract. Humans and African great apes (AGAs) are naturally infected with several species of closely related malaria parasites. The need to understand the origins of human malaria as well as the risk of zoonotic transmissions and emergence of new malaria strains in human populations has markedly encouraged research on great ape Plasmodium parasites. Progress in the use of non-invasive methods has rendered investigations into wild ape populations possible. Present knowledge is mainly focused on parasite diversity and phylogeny, with still large gaps to fill on malaria parasite ecology. Understanding what malaria infection means in terms of great ape health is also an important, but challenging avenue of research and has been subject to relatively few research efforts so far. This paper reviews current knowledge on African great ape malaria and identifies gaps and future research perspectives.

scholarly journals African great apes are natural hosts of multiple related malaria species, including Plasmodium falciparum

2010 ◽  
Vol 107 (4) ◽  
pp. 1458-1463 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Prugnolle ◽  
P. Durand ◽  
C. Neel ◽  
B. Ollomo ◽  
F. J. Ayala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Great Apes ◽  
Natural Hosts ◽  
Malaria Species ◽  
African Great Apes

scholarly journals Reconstructing the ancestral phenotypes of great apes and humans (Homininae) using subspecies-level phylogenies

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keaghan J Yaxley ◽  
Robert A Foley
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Phenotypic Variation ◽  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Phylogenetic Signal ◽  
Great Apes ◽  
Last Common Ancestor ◽  
Ancestral State ◽  
Great Ape ◽  
Subspecies Level ◽  
African Great Apes

Abstract Owing to their close affinity, the African great apes are of interest in the study of human evolution. Although numerous researchers have described the ancestors we share with these species with reference to extant great apes, few have done so with phylogenetic comparative methods. One obstacle to the application of these techniques is the within-species phenotypic variation found in this group. Here, we leverage this variation, modelling common ancestors using ancestral state reconstructions (ASRs) with reference to subspecies-level trait data. A subspecies-level phylogeny of the African great apes and humans was estimated from full-genome mitochondrial DNA sequences and used to implement ASRs for 14 continuous traits known to vary between great ape subspecies. Although the inclusion of within-species phenotypic variation increased the phylogenetic signal for our traits and improved the performance of our ASRs, whether this was done through the inclusion of subspecies phylogeny or through the use of existing methods made little difference. Our ASRs corroborate previous findings that the last common ancestor of humans, chimpanzees and bonobos was a chimp-like animal, but also suggest that the last common ancestor of humans, chimpanzees, bonobos and gorillas was an animal unlike any extant African great ape.

scholarly journals A new Late Miocene great ape from Kenya and its implications for the origins of African great apes and humans

2007 ◽  
Vol 104 (49) ◽  
pp. 19220-19225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Kunimatsu ◽  
M. Nakatsukasa ◽  
Y. Sawada ◽  
T. Sakai ◽  
M. Hyodo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Late Miocene ◽  
Great Apes ◽  
Great Ape ◽  
African Great Apes

scholarly journals Crosstalk between N6-methyladenosine modification and circular RNAs: current understanding and future directions

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Wang ◽  
Rui Ma ◽  
Xilin Zhang ◽  
Lian Cui ◽  
Yangfeng Ding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Circular Rnas ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Research Perspectives ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Rna Maturation

AbstractN6-methyladenosine (m6A) is a prevalent internal modification in eukaryotic RNAs regulated by the so-called “writers”, “erasers”, and “readers”. m6A has been demonstrated to exert critical molecular functions in modulating RNA maturation, localization, translation and metabolism, thus playing an essential role in cellular, developmental, and disease processes. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a class of non-coding RNAs with covalently closed single-stranded structures generated by back-splicing. CircRNAs also participate in physiological and pathological processes through unique mechanisms. Despite their discovery several years ago, m6A and circRNAs has drawn increased research interest due to advances in molecular biology techniques these years. Recently, several scholars have investigated the crosstalk between m6A and circRNAs. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge of m6A and circRNAs, as well as summarize the crosstalk between these molecules based on existing research. In addition, we present some suggestions for future research perspectives.

The biology and ecology of the ocean sunfish Mola mola: a review of current knowledge and future research perspectives

2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 471-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward C. Pope ◽  
Graeme C. Hays ◽  
Tierney M. Thys ◽  
Thomas K. Doyle ◽  
David W. Sims ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Ocean Sunfish ◽  
Mola Mola ◽  
Research Perspectives

scholarly journals The Time-Scale of Recombination Rate Evolution in Great Apes

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurie S Stevison ◽  
August E Woerner ◽  
Jeffrey M Kidd ◽  
Joanna L Kelley ◽  
Krishna R Veeramah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Recombination Rate ◽  
Time Scale ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Great Apes ◽  
Rate Variation ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Great Ape ◽  
Recombination Rates ◽  
Recombination Rate Variation ◽  
Broad Scale

We present three linkage-disequilibrium (LD)-based recombination maps generated using whole-genome sequencing data of 10 Nigerian chimpanzees, 13 bonobos, and 15 western gorillas, collected as part of the Great Ape Genome Project (Prado-Martinez et al. 2013). Using species-specific PRDM9 sequences to predict potential binding sites, we identified an important role for PRDM9 in predicting recombination rate variation broadly across great apes. Our results are contrary to previous research that PRDM9 is not associated with recombination in western chimpanzees (Auton et al. 2012). Additionally, we show that fewer hotspots are shared among chimpanzee subspecies than within human populations, further narrowing the time-scale of complete hotspot turnover. We quantified the variation in the biased distribution of recombination rates towards recombination hotspots across great apes. We found that correlations between broad-scale recombination rates decline more rapidly than nucleotide divergence between species. We also compared the skew of recombination rates at centromeres and telomeres between species and show a skew from chromosome means extending as far as 10‐15 Mb from chromosome ends. Further, we examined broad-scale recombination rate changes near a translocation in gorillas and found minimal differences as compared to other great ape species perhaps because the coordinates relative to the chromosome ends were unaffected. Finally, based on multiple linear regression analysis, we found that various correlates of recombination rate persist throughout primates including repeats, diversity, divergence and local effective population size (Ne). Our study is the first to analyze within- and between-species genome-wide recombination rate variation in several close relatives.

scholarly journals Eosinophilic Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis: Dissecting the Pathophysiology

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filippo Fagni ◽  
Federica Bello ◽  
Giacomo Emmi
Keyword(s):  
Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Vascular Inflammation ◽  
Organ Damage ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Eosinophilic Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis ◽  
Tissue Eosinophilia ◽  
Research Perspectives ◽  
Distinct Disease ◽  
Eosinophilic Granulomatosis

Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (EGPA) is a rare multisystemic disease classified both amongst hypereosinophilic disorders and ANCA-associated vasculitis. Vessel inflammation and eosinophilic proliferation are the hallmarks of the disease and main effectors of organ damage. Two distinct disease phenotypes have classically been described according to ANCA-status: the ANCA-negative subset with eosinophil-driven manifestation and the ANCA-positive one with vasculitic manifestations. An analogous dichotomization has also been backed by histological findings and a distinct genetic background. EGPA is typically consider a Th2-mediated disease and blood and tissue eosinophilia represent the cornerstone of diagnosis. Besides, ANCA are known for inducing endothelial injury and vascular inflammation by activating the circulating neutrophils. Thus, the pathogenesis of EGPA seems to be mediated by two coexisting mechanisms. However, the verbatim application of this strict dualism cannot always be translated into routine clinical practice. In the present review we describe the current knowledge on the eosinophilic and ANCA-mediated aspects of EGPA pathogenesis. Finally, we review the rationale of the currently proposed EGPA dichotomy and future research perspectives.

Plant Biotic Interactions in the Sonoran Desert: Current Knowledge and Future Research Perspectives

2016 ◽  
Vol 177 (3) ◽  
pp. 217-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly A. Franklin ◽  
Pacifica N. Sommers ◽  
Clare E. Aslan ◽  
Blanca R. López ◽  
Judith L. Bronstein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sonoran Desert ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Biotic Interactions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Perspectives
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