scholarly journals Drill bit noise imaging without pilot trace, a near surface interferometry example

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehdi Asgharzadeh ◽  
Ashley Grant ◽  
Andrej Bona ◽  
Milovan Urosevic
Keyword(s):  
Source Function ◽  
Acoustic Energy ◽  
Seismic Interferometry ◽  
Drill Bit ◽  
Interferometric Imaging ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Pilot Signal ◽  
Shallow Subsurface ◽  
Noise Data ◽  
Interferometry Method

Abstract. Acoustic energy emitted by drill bit can be recorded by geophones on the surface and processed for an image of the subsurface using seismic interferometry methods. Pilot sensors record bit signal on the drill rig and play an important role in processing geophone traces for the image. When pilot traces are not available, traces of the nearest geophone to the rig may be used in deconvolution and crosscorrelation of data but extra signal processing efforts are required to reduce the effect of source signature on crosscorrelation results. In this study, we use seismic interferometry method to image the shallow subsurface beneath a 2D geophone array by converting geophones to virtual sources. As there is no pilot signal available for this survey, we use nearest geophone trace for pilot crosscorrelation and pilot deconvolution. We modify the spectrum of pilot crosscorrelation and deconvolution results so that the effect of source function on virtual data is minimized. We then migrate the virtual shots and compare the results of interferometric imaging with the available image from 3D (active source) survey and assess the efficiency of our approach. We show that drill bit noise data can be used to generate a reasonably accurate image of the subsurface even in the absence of pilot recordings but the results should be checked for appearance of virtual multiples and depth inconsistencies that are caused by errors in the migration velocity.

scholarly journals Drill bit noise imaging without pilot trace, a near-surface interferometry example

Solid Earth ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 1015-1023 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehdi Asgharzadeh ◽  
Ashley Grant ◽  
Andrej Bona ◽  
Milovan Urosevic
Keyword(s):  
Cross Correlation ◽  
Acoustic Energy ◽  
Seismic Interferometry ◽  
Drill Bit ◽  
Interferometric Imaging ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Pilot Signal ◽  
Shallow Subsurface ◽  
Drill Bits ◽  
Noise Data

Abstract. Acoustic energy emitted by drill bits can be recorded by geophones on the surface and processed for an image of the subsurface using seismic interferometry methods. Pilot sensors record bit signals on the drill rig and play an important role in processing geophone traces for the image. When pilot traces are not available, traces of the nearest geophone to the rig may be used in deconvolution and cross-correlation of data, but extra signal processing efforts are required to reduce the effect of source signature on cross-correlation results. In this study, we use the seismic interferometry method to image the shallow subsurface beneath a 2-D geophone array by converting geophones to virtual sources. As there is no pilot signal available for this survey, we use the nearest geophone trace for pilot cross-correlation and pilot deconvolution. We modify the spectrum of pilot cross-correlation and deconvolution results so that the effect of source function on virtual data is minimized. We then migrate the virtual shots and compare the results of interferometric imaging with the available image from 3-D (active source) survey and assess the efficiency of our approach. We show that drill bit noise data can be used to generate a reasonably accurate image of the subsurface even in the absence of pilot recordings, but the results should be checked for the appearance of virtual multiples and depth inconsistencies that are caused by errors in the migration velocity.

scholarly journals Acoustic-to-seismic ground coupling: coupling efficiency and inferring near-surface properties

2020 ◽  
Vol 223 (1) ◽  
pp. 144-160
Author(s):  
Artemii Novoselov ◽  
Florian Fuchs ◽  
Goetz Bokelmann
Keyword(s):  
Ground Motion ◽  
Poisson Ratio ◽  
Coupling Efficiency ◽  
Seismic Energy ◽  
Acoustic Energy ◽  
Transfer Coefficients ◽  
Frequency Dependent ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Shallow Subsurface

SUMMARY A fraction of the acoustic wave energy (from the atmosphere) may couple into the ground, and it can thus be recorded as ground motion using seismometers. We have investigated this coupling, with two questions in mind, (i) how strong it is for small explosive sources and offsets up to a few tens of meters and (ii) what we can learn about the shallow subsurface from this coupling. 25 firecracker explosions and five rocket explosions were analysed using colocated seismic and infrasound sensors; we find that around 2 per cent of the acoustic energy is admitted into the ground (converted to seismic energy). Transfer coefficients are in the range of 2.85–4.06 nm Pa–1 for displacement, 1.99–2.74 μm s–1 Pa–1 for velocity, and 2.2–2.86 mm s−2 Pa–1 for acceleration. Recording dynamic air pressure together with ground motion at the same site allows identification of different waves propagating in the shallow underground, notably the seismic expression of the direct airwave, and the later air-coupled Rayleigh wave. We can reliably infer shallow ground properties from the direct airwave, in particular the two Lamé constants (λ and μ) and the Poisson ratio. Firecrackers as pressure sources allow constraining elastic parameters in the top-most layer. In this study, they provide frequency-dependent values of λ decreasing from 119 MPa for low frequencies (48 Hz) to 4.2 MPa for high frequencies (341 Hz), and μ values decreasing from 33 to 1.8 MPa. Frequency-dependent Poisson ratios ν are in the range of 0.336–0.366.

Preparation of cross-sectional samples for near-surface TEM studies

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 380-381
Author(s):  
R.C. Dickenson ◽  
K.R. Lawless
Keyword(s):  
Standard Sample ◽  
Surface Region ◽  
Specimen Preparation ◽  
Thick Sheet ◽  
Drill Bit ◽  
Sample Holder ◽  
Metal Interface ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Cold Worked

In thermal oxidation studies, the structure of the oxide-metal interface and the near-surface region is of great importance. A technique has been developed for constructing cross-sectional samples of oxidized aluminum alloys, which reveal these regions. The specimen preparation procedure is as follows: An ultra-sonic drill is used to cut a 3mm diameter disc from a 1.0mm thick sheet of the material. The disc is mounted on a brass block with low-melting wax, and a 1.0mm hole is drilled in the disc using a #60 drill bit. The drill is positioned so that the edge of the hole is tangent to the center of the disc (Fig. 1) . The disc is removed from the mount and cleaned with acetone to remove any traces of wax. To remove the cold-worked layer from the surface of the hole, the disc is placed in a standard sample holder for a Tenupol electropolisher so that the hole is in the center of the area to be polished.

scholarly journals Microanchored borehole fiber optics allows strain profiling of the shallow subsurface

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng-Cheng Zhang ◽  
Bin Shi ◽  
Song Zhang ◽  
Kai Gu ◽  
Su-Ping Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fiber Optics ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Fiber Optic ◽  
Strain Sensing ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Shallow Subsurface ◽  
Buried Cables ◽  
Capacity Theory ◽  
Confining Pressures ◽  
Strain Determination

AbstractVertical deformation profiles of subterranean geological formations are conventionally measured by borehole extensometry. Distributed strain sensing (DSS) paired with fiber-optic cables installed in the ground opens up possibilities for acquiring high-resolution static and quasistatic strain profiles of deforming strata, but it is currently limited by reduced data quality due to complicated patterns of interaction between the buried cables and their surroundings, especially in upper soil layers under low confining pressures. Extending recent DSS studies, we present an improved approach using microanchored fiber-optic cables—designed to optimize ground-to-cable coupling at the near surface—for strain determination along entire lengths of vertical boreholes. We proposed a novel criterion for soil–cable coupling evaluation based on the geotechnical bearing capacity theory. We applied this enhanced methodology to monitor groundwater-related vertical motions in both laboratory and field experiments. Corroborating extensometer recordings, acquired simultaneously, validated fiber optically determined displacements, suggesting microanchored DSS as an improved means for detecting and monitoring shallow subsurface strain profiles.

Drill‐bit SWD and seismic interferometry for imaging around geothermal wells

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flavio Poletto ◽  
Piero Corubolo ◽  
Biancamaria Farina ◽  
Andrea Schleifer ◽  
Joseph Pollard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Interferometry ◽  
Drill Bit ◽  
Geothermal Wells

Crosscoherence-based interferometry for the retrieval of first arrivals and subsequent tomographic imaging of differential weathering

Geophysics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. Q37-Q48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joachim Place ◽  
Deyan Draganov ◽  
Alireza Malehmir ◽  
Christopher Juhlin ◽  
Chris Wijns
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Waves ◽  
Seismic Velocity ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Seismic Profile ◽  
Seismic Interferometry ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Tomographic Images ◽  
Traveltime Tomography ◽  
Seismic Methods ◽  
Source Signal

Exhumation of crust exposes rocks to weathering agents that weaken the rocks’ mechanical strength. Weakened rocks will have lower seismic velocity than intact rocks and can therefore be mapped using seismic methods. However, if the rocks are heavily weathered, they will attenuate controlled-source seismic waves to such a degree that the recorded wavefield would become dominated by ambient noise and/or surface waves. Therefore, we have examined the structure of differential weathering by first-break traveltime tomography over a seismic profile extending approximately 3.5 km and acquired at a mining site in Zambia using explosive sources and a source based on the swept-impact seismic technique (SIST). Seismic interferometry has been tested for the retrieval of supervirtual first arrivals masked by uncorrelated noise. However, use of crosscorrelation in the retrieval process makes the method vulnerable to changes in the source signal (explosives and SIST). Thus, we have developed a crosscoherence-based seismic-interferometry method to tackle this shortcoming. We investigate the method’s efficiency in retrieving first arrivals and, simultaneously, correctly handling variations in the source signal. Our results illustrate the superiority of the crosscoherence- over crosscorrelation-based method for retrieval of the first arrivals, especially in alleviating spurious ringyness and in terms of the signal-to-noise ratio. These benefits are observable in the greater penetration depth and the improved resolution of the tomography sections. The tomographic images indicate isolated bodies of higher velocities, which may be interpreted as fresh rocks embedded into a heavily weathered regolith, providing a conspicuous example of differential weathering. Our study advances the potential of seismic methods for providing better images of the near surface (the critical zone).

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