Atresia Ani in the Dog: A Retrospective Study

2005 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 317-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria L. Vianna ◽  
Karen M. Tobias
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Postoperative Complications ◽  
Fecal Incontinence ◽  
Imperforate Anus ◽  
Congenital Anomalies ◽  
Surgical Repair ◽  
Anal Stenosis ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Type Iv

Congenital anomalies of the rectum and anus are rare in dogs. The most frequently reported anomaly is atresia ani. Four types of atresia ani have been reported, including congenital anal stenosis (Type I); imperforate anus alone (Type II) or combined with more cranial termination of the rectum as a blind pouch (Type III); and discontinuity of the proximal rectum with normal anal and terminal rectal development (Type IV). An increased incidence was found in females and in several breeds, including miniature or toy poodles and Boston terriers. Surgical repair is the treatment of choice, but postoperative complications can occur, including fecal incontinence and colonic atony secondary to prolonged preoperative distension.

Cone Beam Computed Tomography of Mesiobuccal Root and Canal Morphology of Maxillary Molars in Delhi-NCR Population- A Retrospective Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaynit Tandon ◽  
Sonali Taneja ◽  
Vidhi Kiran Bhalla ◽  
Akshay Rathore
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Cone Beam Computed Tomography ◽  
Anatomic Variation ◽  
Cone Beam ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Maxillary Molars ◽  
Canal Morphology

Introduction: Adequate knowledge of the anatomic variation and root canal morphology is paramount for long term endodontic success. The presence of two canals in Mesiobuccal (MB) root is commonly associated with maxillary molars in various populations. Aim: To retrospectively evaluate the prevalence of a second mesiobuccal canal (MB2) in maxillary first and second molars in Delhi-National Capital Region (NCR) population using Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) analysis. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study evaluated the records of complete maxillary CBCT scans of 204 maxillary first and second molars from January 2016 till May 2019 from different CBCT centres in Delhi-NCR region to determine the anatomy and morphology in June 2019. The prevalence of second MB2 canals was recorded and associated with age, gender and symmetry. The z-test for proportions was used to assess the differences among the subgroups. Results: The number of roots in 204 teeth in both maxillary molars were determined. The prevalence of 3-rooted configuration was 98.55% in maxillary first molars and 79.4% in maxillary 2nd molars. Also, in maxillary 2nd molars, 7.4% were single rooted and 13.2% had 2-rooted configuration. Three rooted configuration and variable canal number was commonly reported in maxillary molars. Prevalence of MB2 canal was 87.2% in maxillary 1st molars and 64.2% in maxillary 2nd molars. Also, the prevalence was 87.2% bilaterally in maxillary first molars and 65.7% on the right and 53.9% on the left in maxillary second molars respectively. Type IV canal configuration was most prevalent in 44.60% of maxillary first molars and type 1 configuration (35.78%) for the maxillary second molars. Conclusion: Prevalence of MB2 canals in maxillary first and second molars was found to be high in North Indian population and the clinician should suspect its presence in all cases. Prevalence of MB2 had bilaterally symmetrical distribution without any association with age or gender. The MB roots were more likely to exhibit type IV and type II canal configurations in maxillary first molars and type I and type II configurations in second molars.

scholarly journals Absence of the celiac trunk: definition, classification, MDCT angiographic findings and their probable embryological mechanisms

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Mao ◽  
Wei Tang ◽  
Bo Jin ◽  
Lian-Qin Kuang ◽  
Jing Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Celiac Trunk ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Mdct Angiography ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Arterial Trunk ◽  
Type V ◽  
Angiographic Findings

Abstract Background: The aim of this study was to identify the types and prevalence of absence of the celiac trunk by using multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) angiography, and analyze their probable embryological mechanisms. Methods: A retrospective study was carried out on 2,500 abdominal MDCT angiography images. The absence of the celiac trunk was defined as that the celiac trunk is not exist, more specifically, there is not such an arterial trunk containing at least two major branches of the celiac trunk. Various types of the absence of the celiac trunk were investigated. Results: Of the 2,500 patients, 19 (0.76%) patients were identified as an absence of the celiac trunk. According to its definition and classification, the absence of the celiac trunk could be divided into five types: type I (LGA + CHA + SA + SMA), type II (HM trunk + LGA + SA), type III (SM trunk + LGA + CHA), type IV (GM trunk + CHA + SA), and type V (other type); and these types were observed in 5 patients (0.20%), 9 patients (0.36%), 3 patients (0.12%), 0 patients (0.00%) and 2 (0.08%) patients, respectively. There were more examples of the types I and II than of the types III–V (P = 0.004). Conclusions: We systematically classified the absence of the celiac trunk based on its MDCT angiography findings. Abnormal interruptions and persistence of the longitudinal anastomosis, and regression of vascular root and emergence of replaced artery could all be the embryological mechanisms of various types of the absence of the celiac trunk.

Labelling of non-A, non-B hepatitis infected chimpanzee hepatocytes with nuclease-gold conjugates

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 250-251
Author(s):  
G. D. Gagne ◽  
M. F. Miller ◽  
D. A. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Experimental Infection ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Type I ◽  
Cellular Injury ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Tubular Structures ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Infected Chimpanzee

Experimental infection of chimpanzees with non-A, non-B hepatitis (NANB) or with delta agent hepatitis results in the appearance of characteristic cytoplasmic alterations in the hepatocytes. These alterations include spongelike inclusions (Type I), attached convoluted membranes (Type II), tubular structures (Type III), and microtubular aggregates (Type IV) (Fig. 1). Type I, II and III structures are, by association, believed to be derived from endoplasmic reticulum and may be morphogenetically related. Type IV structures are generally observed free in the cytoplasm but sometimes in the vicinity of type III structures. It is not known whether these structures are somehow involved in the replication and/or assembly of the putative NANB virus or whether they are simply nonspecific responses to cellular injury. When treated with uranyl acetate, type I, II and III structures stain intensely as if they might contain nucleic acids. If these structures do correspond to intermediates in the replication of a virus, one might expect them to contain DNA or RNA and the present study was undertaken to explore this possibility.

scholarly journals Brachial supporting structure of Spiriferida (Brachiopoda)

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Zhiwei Yuan ◽  
Wen Guo ◽  
Dan Lyu ◽  
Yuanlin Sun
Keyword(s):  
Mantle Cavity ◽  
Family Type ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Feeding Apparatus ◽  
Single Family ◽  
Supporting Structure ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Evolutionary Lineages

Abstract The filter-feeding organ of some extinct brachiopods is supported by a skeletal apparatus called the brachidium. Although relatively well studied in Atrypida and Athyridida, the brachidial morphology is usually neglected in Spiriferida. To investigate the variations of brachidial morphology in Spiriferida, 65 species belonging to eight superfamilies were analyzed. Based on the presence/absence of the jugal processes and normal/modified primary lamellae of the spiralia, four types of brachidium are recognized. Type-I (with jugal processes) and Type-II (without jugal processes), both having normal primary lamellae, could give rise to each other by losing/re-evolving the jugal processes. Type-III, without jugal processes, originated from Type-II through evolution of the modified lateral-convex primary lamellae, and it subsequently gave rise to Type-IV by evolving the modified medial-convex primary lamellae. The evolution of brachidia within individual evolutionary lineages must be clarified because two or more types can be present within a single family. Type-III and Type-IV are closely associated with the prolongation of the crura, representing innovative modifications of the feeding apparatus in response to possible shift in the position of the mouth towards the anterior, allowing for more efficient feeding on particles entering the mantle cavity from the anterior gape. Meanwhile, the modified primary lamellae adjusted/regulated the feeding currents. The absence of spires in some taxa with Type-IV brachidium might suggest that they developed a similar lophophore to that in some extant brachiopods, which can extend out of the shell.

scholarly journals Minimal Invasive Surgery for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and Hiatus Hernia—Our Experience: A Case Series with Review of Literature

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafique Umer Harvitkar ◽  
Abhijit Joshi
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease ◽  
Gastroesophageal Reflux ◽  
Operating Time ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Gerd Symptoms

Abstract Introduction Laparoscopic fundoplication (LF) has almost completely replaced the open procedure performed for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and hiatus hernia (HH). Several studies have suggested that long-term results with surgery for GERD are better than a medical line of management. In this retrospective study, we outline our experience with LF over 10 years. Also, we analyze the factors that would help us in better patient selection, thereby positively affecting the outcomes of surgery. Patients and Methods In this retrospective study, we identified 27 patients (14 females and 13 males) operated upon by a single surgeon from 2010 to 2020 at our institution. Out of these, 25 patients (12 females and 13 males) had GERD with type I HH and 2 (both females) had type II HH without GERD. The age range was 24 to 75 years. All patients had undergone oesophago-gastro-duodenoscopy (OGD scopy). A total of 25 patients had various degrees of esophagitis. Two patients had no esophagitis. These patients were analyzed for age, sex, symptoms, preoperative evaluation, exact procedure performed (Nissen’s vs. Toupet’s vs. cruroplasty + gastropexy), morbidity/mortality, and functional outcomes. They were also reviewed to examine the length of stay, length of procedure, complications, and recurrent symptoms on follow-up. Symptoms were assessed objectively with a score for six classical GERD symptoms preoperatively and on follow-up at 1-, 4- and 6-weeks postsurgery. Further evaluation was performed after 6 months and then annually for 2 years. Results 14 females (53%) and 13 males (48%) with a diagnosis of GERD (with type I HH) and type II HH were operated upon. The mean age was 46 years (24–75 years) and the mean body mass index (BMI) was 27 (18–32). The range of duration of the preoperative symptoms was 6 months to 2 years. The average operating time dropped from 130 minutes for the first 12 cases to 90 minutes for the last 15 cases. The mean hospital stay was 3 days (range: 2–4 days). In the immediate postoperative period, 72% (n = 18) of the patients reported improvement in the GERD symptoms, while 2 (8%) patients described heartburn (grade I, mild, daily) and 1 (4%) patient described bloating (grade I, daily). A total of 5 patients (20%) reported mild dysphagia to solids in the first 2 postoperative weeks. These symptoms settled down after 2 to 5 weeks of postoperative proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy and by adjusting consistency of oral feeds. There was no conversion to open, and we observed no perioperative mortality. There were no patients who underwent redo surgeries in the series. Conclusion LF is a safe and highly effective procedure for a patient with symptoms of GERD, and it gives long-term relief from the symptoms. Stringent selection criteria are necessary to optimize the results of surgery. Experience is associated with a significant reduction of operating time.

Response properties of units in the dorsal cochlear nucleus of unanesthetized decerebrate gerbil

1996 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 1411-1431 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. Davis ◽  
J. Ding ◽  
T. E. Benson ◽  
H. F. Voigt
Keyword(s):  
Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Decerebrate Cat ◽  
Excitatory Response ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Noise Type ◽  
Rate Versus ◽  
Excitatory Responses

1. The electrophysiological responses of single units in the dorsal cochlear nucleus of unanesthetized decerebrate Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) were recorded. Units were classified according to the response map scheme of Evans and Nelson as modified by Young and Brownell, Young and Voigt, and Shofner and Young. Type II units have a V-shaped excitatory response map similar to typical auditory nerve tuning curves but little or no spontaneous activity (SpAc < 2.5 spikes/s) and little or no response to noise. Type I/III units also have a V-shaped excitatory map and SpAc < 2.5 spikes/s, but have an excitatory response to noise. Type III units have a V-shaped excitatory map with inhibitory sidebands, SpAc > 2.5 spikes/s, and an excitatory response to noise. Type IV-T units typically also have a V-shaped excitatory map with inhibitory sidebands, but have a highly nonmonotonic rate versus level response to best frequency (BF) tones like type IV units, SpAc > 2.5 spikes/s, and an excitatory response to noise. Type IV units have a predominantly inhibitory response map above an island of excitation of BF, SpAc > 2.5 spikes/s, and an excitatory response to noise. We present results for 133 units recorded with glass micropipette electrodes. The purpose of this study was to establish a normative response map data base in this species for ongoing structure/function and correlation studies. 2. The major types of units (type II, type I/III, type III, type IV-T, and type IV) found in decerebrate cat are found in decerebrate gerbil. However, the percentage of type II (7.5%) and type IV (11.3%) units encountered are smaller and the percentage of type III (62.4%) units is larger in decerebrate gerbil than in decerebrate cat. In comparison, Shofner and Young found 18.5% type II units, 30.6% type IV units, and 23.1% type III units using metal electrodes. 3. Two new unit subtypes are described in gerbil: type III-i and type IV-i units. Type III-i units are similar to type III units except that type III-i units are inhibited by low levels of noise and excited by high levels of noise whereas type III units have strictly excitatory responses to noise. Type IV-i units are similar to type IV units except that type IV-i units are excited by low levels of noise and become inhibited by high levels of noise whereas type IV units have strictly excitatory responses to noise. Type III-i units are approximately 30% of the type III population and type IV-i units are approximately 50% of the type IV population. 4. On the basis of the paucity of classic type II units and the reciprocal responses to broadband noise of type III-i and type IV-i units, we postulate that some gerbil type III-i units are the same cell type and have similar synaptic connections as cat type II units. 5. Type II and type I/III units are distinguished from one another on the basis of both their relative noise response, rho, and the normalized slope of the BF tone rate versus level functions beyond the first maximum. Previously, type II units were defined to be those nonspontaneously active units with rho values < 0.3 where rho is defined as the ratio of the maximum noise response minus spontaneous rate to the maximum BF tone response minus spontaneous rate. In the gerbil, the average rho value for type II units is 0.25, although a few values are > 0.3, and the rate-level curves are consistently nonmonotonic with normalized slopes steeper than than -0.007/dB. The average rho value for type I/III units is 0.54, although a few values are < 0.3, and the rate-level curves tend to saturate with slopes shallower than -0.006/dB. In general, the response properties of type II units recorded in gerbil are similar to those recorded in decerebrate cat. 6. In comparison to decerebrate cat, the lower percentage of type IV units recorded in decerebrate gerbil may be due to a species difference (a reduced number of type II units in gerbil) or an electrode bias.

scholarly journals Types of Lens Structure in Intumescent Cataract

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (2S) ◽  
pp. 153-159
Author(s):  
E. S. Pirogova ◽  
O. L. Fabrikantov ◽  
S. I. Nikolashin
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation System ◽  
Anterior Segment ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Large White ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Associated Diseases ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Anatomical Parameters

Purpose: to study the structure of the swelling lens, the dependence of its anatomical parameters on the nucleus sizes and density, patients’ age.Patients and methods. 52 patients with intumescent mature cataract were examined. All patients underwent phacoemulsification with a two-stage continuous circular capsulorhexis. After the 2–2.5 mm capsulorhexis had been created, the liquid lenticular masses were removed from the anterior and posterior lens compartment with the aspiration/irrigation system. Visually we determined the size of the nucleus, its color and density according to Buratto’s classification.Results. When performing this work 4 types of the swelling lens structure were revealed. Type I — a small emerging white nucleus with large amount of liquid lenticular masses in the anterior and posterior lens compartment, II degree of density according to Buratto’s classification. The mean age was 49.09 ± 3.19 years old. The related ophthalmic diseases accounted for 36.4%. Type II — a large white nucleus with the presence of liquefied lenticular masses in the anterior and posterior lens compartment. III degree of density according to Buratto’s classification. The mean age was 71.00 ± 1.92 years old. Associated diseases — 84.6%. Type III — a large brown nucleus with the presence of liquefied lenticular masses in the anterior and posterior lens compartment. IV degree of density according to Buratto’s classification. The mean age was 75.84 ± 1.46 years old. Associated diseases — 100%. Type IV — a small, very dense, brown nucleus with liquid lenticular masses. V degree of density according to Buratto’s classification. The mean age was 77.33 ± 2.49 years old. Associated diseases — 100%.Conclusion. 4 types of lens structure in intumescent cataract were described depending on the nucleus size, density, the amount of the lenticular masses. By means of UBM method, it was shown that intumescent cataract is accompanied with the alterations of the ocular anterior segment parameters, which depend on the type of lens structure. It was revealed that the types of swelling lens structure are directly connected to the patients’ age: mean age of patients with type I — 49.09 ± 3.19 years old, with type II — 71.00 ± 1.92, with type III — 75.84 ± 1.46, with type IV — 77.33 ± 2.49 years old. 

scholarly journals Resolving ABO discrepancies by serological workup-an analysis of few cases

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 893 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arumugam P. ◽  
Swathandran Hamsavardhini ◽  
Ravishankar J.
Keyword(s):  
Type I ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Technical Errors ◽  
Blood Transfusion Service ◽  
Case Type ◽  
Medical University ◽  
Abo Blood Grouping ◽  
Blood Grouping

Background: ABO discrepancies occur whenever the results of red cell grouping and serum grouping are in disagreement. The reasons for discrepancies both clinical and technical have to be sorted out. Further analysis is essential to resolve such discrepancies. If discrepancies are encountered, the interpretation of the ABO grouping has to be delayed until the same has been resolved. The aim of the study was to resolve ABO discrepancies encountered, by serological work up.Methods: All cases of discrepant samples received between August 2014 and May 2016 at the Department of Transfusion Medicine, The Tamilnadu Dr. MGR Medical University, Chennai, India were analyzed to determine the etiology by serological workup.Results: A total of twenty-one samples were analyzed and resolved. Fifteen cases of Type IV discrepancy, two cases of Type II discrepancy, one case Type III discrepancy, one case Type I discrepancy and two cases of technical errors were identified.Conclusions: ABO discrepancies can be resolved serologically if properly worked up. As ABO blood grouping is indispensible in blood transfusion service, it is imperative to resolve such discrepancies before transfusion.

scholarly journals Relationship Between Pulmonary Hamartoma and Bronchus: Multislice Spiral Computed Tomography Findings

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping Wang ◽  
Heng Ma ◽  
Qinglin Yang ◽  
Chengzhou Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Spiral Computed Tomography ◽  
Type I ◽  
Tumor Type ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Spiral Computed ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Multislice Spiral Computed Tomography ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Sign Type

Abstract Objective The aim of the present study is to investigate the relationship between pulmonary hamartomas (PHs) and bronchi on multislice spiral computed tomography (MSCT) images. Methods The MSCT scans of 218 PHs from 216 pathologically confirmed patients were reviewed. The PHs were divided into two groups, namely, the central endobronchial and intraparenchymal groups, in accordance with location. Multiplanar reconstruction was used to demonstrate PH–bronchus relationship patterns. The PH–bronchus relationships in the intraparenchymal group were classified into five patterns: type I, the bronchus was cut off by the tumor; type II, the bronchus was contained within the tumor (air bronchogram sign); type III, the bronchus ran at the tumor periphery or was compressed by the tumor; and type IV, no tumor–bronchus relationship was observed. Results Nine (4.1%) PHs were assigned to the central endobronchial group and 209 (95.9%) PHs were assigned to the intraparenchymal group. In the endobronchial group, 1 (11.1%) PH was located in the trachea with the partial stenosis of the trachea, whereas the remaining 8 (88.9%) PHs were located in the lobar or segmental bronchus with the complete occlusion of the corresponding bronchus. In the intraparenchymal group, type IV (147, 70.3%) was most common pattern, followed by type III (54, 25.8%). Type I (8, 3.8%) was rare, and type II was not observed. Conclusion Central endobronchial PHs often obstructed bronchi, whereas only a few intraparenchymal PHs cut off bronchi. No air bronchogram sign was observed.

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