scholarly journals MODELAGEM DA DISTRIBUIÇÃO DIAMÉTRICA DE UM FRAGMENTO DE FLORESTA OMBRÓFILA MISTA EM LEBON RÉGIS, SC

FLORESTA ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 337
Author(s):  
Felipe Marcon ◽  
Saulo Jorge Téo ◽  
Chaiane Rodrigues Schneider ◽  
Francieli Baggio dos Santos ◽  
Karine Maria Atuatti Chiarello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Probability Density ◽  
Normal Function ◽  
Diameter Distribution ◽  
Araucaria Angustifolia ◽  
Forest Fragment ◽  
Importance Value ◽  
Horizontal Structure ◽  
Kolmogorov Smirnov ◽  
Reduced Gradient ◽  
Generalized Reduced Gradient

O objetivo deste trabalho foi ajustar e selecionar diferentes funções de densidade de probabilidades (FDP), tais como Normal, Ln-normal, Gamma (Adaptada), Beta (Adaptada), Exponencial, Weibull 3P, Sb de Johnson, Weber e Péllico Netto, para descrever a distribuição diamétrica de todas as espécies e das sete espécies com maior valor de importância de um fragmento de Floresta Ombrófila Mista em Lebon Régis, SC. O processamento dos dados foi realizado por meio da ferramenta “Solver” MS Excel 2007, a qual utiliza o algoritmo linear de gradiente reduzido generalizado (GRG) na interação dos parâmetros. Os critérios de seleção utilizados foram o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov e as estatísticas de ajuste e precisão. De acordo com os resultados, a função que melhor representou a distribuição diamétrica considerando todas as espécies do fragmento florestal foi a Sb de Johnson. Quando consideradas as sete espécies individualmente, a função Ln-normal melhor descreveu a distribuição diamétrica de Myrcia sp. e Myrsine gardneriana (Aubl.) DC. Já para Ocotea porosa (Nees & C. Mart.) Barroso e Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze, a função de melhor aderência foi Gamma (Adaptada), e para Ocotea elegans Mez, Mimosa scabrella Benth. e Styrax leprosus Hook. & Arn., as funções de melhor desempenho foram Weibull 3P, Péllico Netto e Normal, respectivamente.Palavras-chave: Floresta com Araucária; estrutura horizontal; função de densidade de probabilidade. AbstractModeling the diameter distribution of a fragment of Mixed Ombrophyllous Forest, in Lebon Régis, SC. The objective of this work was to fit and to select different probability density functions (pdf’s), such as, Normal, Gamma (Adapted), Beta (Adapted), Exponential, Weibull 3P, Johnson Sb, Weber and Péllico Netto, to describe the diameter distribution of all species and the seven species with the highest importance value of a fragment of Mixed Ombrophyllous Forest, in Lebon Régis, SC, Brazil. The data processing was performed using the Solver tool on MS Excel 2007, using the linear algorithm of generalized reduced gradient (GRG) for interaction of parameters. The selection criteria used were the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and statistics of fit and accuracy. According to the results, the function that best represented the diameter distribution considering all species of forest fragment was Johnson Sb. When considered the species individually, the Ln-normal function best described the diameter distribution of Myrcia sp., and Myrsine gardneriana (Aubl.) DC. For Ocotea porosa (Nees & C. Mart.) Barroso., and Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze., the function with the best adherence was Gamma (Adapted) and Ocotea elegans Mez., Mimosa scabrella Benth., and Styrax Leprosus Hook. & Arn., functions with the best performance were, 3P Weibull, Péllico Netto and Normal, respectively.Keywords: Araucaria Forest; horizontal structure; probability density function.

scholarly journals DESEMPENHO DE FUNÇÕES DE DENSIDADE PROBABILÍSTICAS PARA DESCREVER A DISTRIBUIÇÃO DIAMÉTRICA DE Pinus taeda, NA REGIÃO DE CAÇADOR, SC

FLORESTA ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 741 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saulo Jorge Téo ◽  
Júlio César Bianchi ◽  
Adriano Peloso ◽  
Paulo Roberto Nava ◽  
Alan Marcon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Probability Density ◽  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Diameter Distribution ◽  
Maximum Diameter ◽  
Density Functions ◽  
Horizontal Structure ◽  
Kolmogorov Smirnov ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
Site Classes ◽  
Smirnov Test

ResumoO objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar as funções de densidade probabilísticas (FDP) Normal, Ln-Normal, Sb de Johnson, Weibull 3P, Gamma, Beta e Weber, para descrever as mudanças na estrutura diamétrica de povoamentos de Pinus taeda L., na região de Caçador (SC), em diferentes idades e classes de sítio. O processamento dos dados foi realizado por meio da ferramenta Solver, do software MS Excel 2010, a qual utiliza o algoritmo linear de gradiente reduzido generalizado (GRG) na interação dos parâmetros. Verificou-se que a FDP Sb de Johnson e Weibull 3 P apresentaram os melhores desempenhos. Para a avaliação da aderência das FDP, é recomendada a utilização das estatísticas R2, R2aj, syx e syx%, além do teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, em todos os casos, especialmente quando houver número de observações superior a 5.000. Geralmente, houve um aumento da amplitude dos valores dos diâmetros e um achatamento da distribuição diamétrica com o avanço da idade e com a melhora da produtividade do sítio. Com o progresso da idade, há um aumento dos valores do diâmetro máximo e do diâmetro modal das distribuições, para as classes de sítio de maior produtividade, porém o mesmo não ocorre para o sítio menos produtivo. AbstractPerformance of probability density functions in order to describe diameter distribution of Pinus taeda, in the region of Caçador, SC. This research aims to analyze probability of density functions (pdf) Normal, Ln-Normal, Johnson Sb, 3 P Weibull, Gamma, Beta and Weber in order to describe  diameter changes in Pinus taeda L. plantations structure, in the region of Caçador - SC, Brazil, at different age and site classes. The data processing was carried out by Solver tool of the software MSExcel2010, using the linear algorithm of generalized reduced gradient (GRG) for interaction of parameters. As result, Johnson Sb and 3PWeibull presented the best performances. For the pdf adherence evaluation, it was recommended the employment of R2, R2aj, syx e syx% statistics, besides the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, in any situation, specially, when there is more than 5,000 observations. Generally, there was an increasing in the range of diameter values and a flatness of diameter distribution at advancing age and improvement of the site productivity. At age advancing, there was an increasing of maximum diameter and modal diameter values of distributions, for the higher productivity site classes, on the other hand, the same did not occur for the low productivity site class.Keywords: Horizontal structure; Kolmogorov-Smirnov test; probability density function; forestry site.

scholarly journals A DISTRIBUIÇÃO DIAMÉTRICA PARA BRACATINGAIS EM DIFERENTES IDADES, SÍTIOS E DENSIDADES NA REGIÃO METROPOLITANA DE CURITIBA

FLORESTA ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Consuelo De Plácido e Silva Bartoszeck ◽  
Sebastião Do Amaral Machado ◽  
Afonso Figueiredo Filho ◽  
Edilson Batista Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Probability Density ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Initial Density ◽  
Probability Density Functions ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Diameter Distribution ◽  
Density Functions ◽  
Site Class ◽  
Different Ages ◽  
Kolmogorov Smirnov

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo estudar o comportamento de funções de densidade probabilística no ajuste de distribuições diamétricas para diferentes idades, sítios e densidades para povoamentos de bracatinga (Mimosa scabrella Benth) localizados nos municípios da Região Metropolitana de Curitiba, PR. Os dados utilizados são provenientes de um experimento delineado em blocos ao acaso, constituído de 5 blocos e 4 tratamentos, perfazendo um total de 20 parcelas, as quais foram remedidas 4 vezes às idades aproximadas de 4, 5, 6 e 7,5 anos de idade. A densidade inicial foi reduzida para 2000, 4000, 8000 árvores por hectare, sendo que as testemunhas não sofreram nenhum tratamento. Desses cinco blocos, um estava localizado na classe de sítio I, dois na classe II e dois na classe III. Paralelamente, foram instaladas e medidas 124 parcelas temporárias, distribuídas nos vários municípios da Região Metropolitana, representando os povoamentos de bracatinga sob o regime tradicional de cultivo e manejo, abrangendo as idades de 3 a 18 anos e as 3 classes de sítio. As seguintes funções de densidade probabilística foram ajustadas para cada combinação de idade, sítio e densidade: Normal, Lognormal, Gama, Beta, Weibull 2 parâmetros, Weibull 3 parâmetros e a SB de Johnson. Através do teste “D” de Kolmogorov-Smirnov detectou-se que a função SB de Johnson foi a de melhor desempenho para a maioria das combinações de dados, sendo, portanto, a primeira no ranking. Os índices de simetria e curtose indicaram que as curvas de distribuições diamétricas em bracatingais são unimodais, tornando-se cada vez mais assimétricas positivas e mais achatadas com o avanço da idade. DIAMETER DISTRIBUTION FOR STANDS OF Mimosa scabrella FOR DIFFERENT AGES, SITES AND DENSITIES Abstract The objective of this research work was to study the behavior of several probability density functions in fitting the diameter distribution for different ages, sites and densities for stands of bracatinga (Mimosa scabrella Benth) located in the Curitiba metropolitan region. The utilized data came from an initial density trial, designed in random blocks, formed by 5 blocks and 4 treatments, in a total of 20 permanent sample plots with an area of 325 m2, which were remeasured 4 times at approximate ages of 4, 5, 6 and 7,5 years. The initial density was reduced for 2000, 4000, 8000 trees per hectare, remaining the control plots without any reduction of trees. From these five blocks, one was located on site class I, two on site class II and two blocks on site class III. Simultaneously they were also implanted and measured diameters and heights of every tree in 124 temporary sample plots (325 m2) scattered by several counties of the Curitiba metropolitan region, on stands that represent the traditional way of cultivation and management of bracatinga. These plots covered ages from 3 to 18 years and the 3 sites classes. Seven probability density functions were tested to fit the diameter distribution: Normal, Lognormal, Gama, Beta, Weibull 2 parameters, Weibull 3 parameters and the SB from Johnson. The combination of sites, densities and ages for the permanent and the temporary sample plots with these seven functions made it possible to accomplish 434 analysis. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was applied for every analysis for the choice of the best function. The Jonhson’s SB function was the one that presented the best performance, being so, used for the construction of the diameter distribution curves. The asymmetry and Kurtosis indexes indicated that the curves of diameter distributions in bracatinga stands are unimodal, as hypothesized, becoming more and more asymmetric positively and more flattened as the stands become older.

scholarly journals CARACTERIZAÇÃO FLORÍSTICA E ESTRUTURAL DE UM FRAGMENTO DE FLORESTA OMBRÓFILA MISTA, EM CURITIBA, PR – BRASIL

FLORESTA ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rubens Marques Rondon Neto ◽  
Carina Kozera ◽  
Regina do Rocio De Andrade ◽  
Adriana Trippia Cecy ◽  
Ana Paula Hummes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diversity Index ◽  
Floristic Composition ◽  
Total Density ◽  
Araucaria Angustifolia ◽  
Forest Fragment ◽  
Importance Value ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Casearia Sylvestris ◽  
Index Value

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo conhecer a composição florística e a estrutura dos indivíduos arbóreos com DAP ³ 5cm presentes em um fragmento de Floresta Ombrófila Mista (Floresta com Araucária), denominado “Capão do Tigre”, situado em Curitiba - PR. Em dezoito parcelas de 10 x 20m foram inventariados 710 indivíduos, distribuídos em 77 espécies, pertencentes a 36 famílias e 55 gêneros. O valor do índice de diversidade Shannon para as espécies foi de 3,437. A densidade total estimada foi de 1.972 indivíduos/ha e os valores médios de DAP e altura encontrados foram 11,6 cm e 8,2 m, respectivamente. De acordo com o parâmetro valor de importância ampliado, as espécies mais importantes foram Casearia sylvestris, Allophylus edulis, Luehea divaricata, Araucaria angustifolia, Cupania vernalis, Ocotea corymbosa, Ocotea nutans, Jacaranda puberula, Mollinedia clavigera e Solanum sanctae-catharinae. FLORISTIC AND STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF A FRAGMENT OF MIXED OMBROPHYLOUS FOREST IN CURITIBA, PR - BRAZIL Abstract The aim of this paper was to know the floristic composition and the structureof a Mixed Ombrophylous Forest fragment (Araucaria Forest), named “Capão do Tigre”, situated in Curitiba - PR. It was inventoried 710 trees individuous in eighteen 10 x 20 m plots with DBH ³ 5cm, distributed in 77 species from 55 gender and 36 families. The Shannon diversity index value was 3,437 for the species. The total density found was 1.972 individuous/ha, and the medium DBH and height was 11,6 cm and 8,2 m, respectively. Acording to the parameters of Amplieted Importance Value, the most important species are: Casearia sylvestris, Allophylus edulis, Luehea divaricata, Araucaria angustifolia, Cupania vernalis, Ocotea corymbosa, Ocotea nutans, Jacaranda puberula, Mollinedia clavigera e Solanum sanctae-catharinae.

scholarly journals Distribution of total height, transverse area and individual volume for Araucaria angustifolia (Bert.) O. Kuntze.

CERNE ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastião do Amaral Machado ◽  
Rodrigo Geroni Mendes Nascimento ◽  
Eder Pereira Miguel ◽  
Saulo Jorge Téo ◽  
Alan Lessa Derci Augustynczik
Keyword(s):  
Normal Function ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Diameter Distribution ◽  
Weber Function ◽  
Total Height ◽  
Individual Volume ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Kolmogorov Smirnov ◽  
Transverse Area ◽  
The Individual

This study aimed to test probability density functions for the distribution of variables total height, transverse area and individual volume, considering three different class intervals. Data were obtained from the measurement of diameter (DBH) and total height and from estimation of the individual volume of 338 pine trees in a fragment of Mixed Ombrophylous Forest with an area of 15.24 ha, which is located in Jardim Botânico campus of UFPR, Curitiba-PR. Ten functions were fitted, including commonly used models for diameter distribution as well as other recently developed models applied to forest science. Selection criteria included Kolmogorov-Smirnov adherence test, standard error of estimate in percentage and adjusted coefficient of determination. Three class intervals were used as obtained by Sturges, Dixon & Kronmal, and Velleman criteria. The Normal function for variable height, and the Weber function for distribution of transverse area and individual volume, provided the best fit, considering the three class intervals adopted. The models fitted better for larger size class intervals as obtained by Sturges rule.

scholarly journals DISTRIBUIÇÃO DIAMÉTRICA DE Escheweilera ovata EM UM FRAGMENTO DE FLORESTA OMBRÓFILA DENSA - IGARASSU, PE

FLORESTA ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mayara Dalla Lana ◽  
Carlos Frederico Lins e Silva Brandão ◽  
Sylvio Péllico Netto ◽  
Luiz Carlos Marangon ◽  
Fabiane Aparecida Souza Retslaff
Keyword(s):  
Diameter Distribution ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Forest Fragment ◽  
Class Interval ◽  
Kolmogorov Smirnov ◽  
Log Normal ◽  
Ombrophilous Forest ◽  
Dense Ombrophilous Forest ◽  
Smirnov Test

 O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o comportamento de sete funções densidade de probabilidade no ajuste da distribuição diamétrica de Eschweilera ovata em um fragmento de Floresta Ombrófila Densa no estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Os dados utilizados são provenientes dos diâmetros de 274 árvores dessa espécie medidos durante a realização de um estudo sobre a estrutura do componente arbóreo e classificação sucessional do presente fragmento. Foram testadas as seguintes funções probabilísticas: Beta, Gama, Log-Normal, Normal, SB de Johnson, Weber e Weibull 3P, utilizando intervalo de classe de 4 cm. Os resultados do teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov indicaram que a função mais eficiente foi a Log-Normal, seguida de Weber, Weibull 3P, Beta, SB de Johnson e Gama. A distribuição Normal foi rejeitada pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. O estudo também identificou que a distribuição em diâmetro de Escheweilera ovata nesse fragmento é do tipo decrescente.Palavras-chave: Distribuições probabilísticas; floresta nativa; “J” invertido.AbstractDiametric distribution of Escheweilera ovata in a Dense Ombrophilus Forest fragment - Igarassu, Pernambuco, Brazil. This research aimed to evaluate the behavior of seven probability density functions for fitting the diameter distribution of Escheweilera ovata in a Dense Ombrophilous Forest fragment in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil. The data used consisted of diameters of 274 trees of this species measured during a research improved to evaluate the tree components and succession classification of this fragment. The following probabilistic functions were tested: Beta, Gamma, Log-Normal, Normal, Johnson SB , Weber and Weibull 3P, it was used diametric class interval of 4 cm. The results of the Kolmogorov - Smirnov test indicated that the most efficient function was the Log-Normal, followed by Weber, Weibull 3P, Johnson SB , Beta, and Gama. The Normal distribution was rejected by the Kolmogorov - Smirnov test. This research also indicated that the Escheweilera ovata diameter distribution in this fragment is decreasingly.Keywords: Probabilistic distributions; native forest; inverted “J”.  

Optimization of a Novel Combined Power/Refrigeration Thermodynamic Cycle

Solar Energy ◽  
2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaoguang Lu ◽  
D. Yogi Goswami
Keyword(s):  
Waste Heat ◽  
Thermodynamic Cycle ◽  
Cycle Performance ◽  
Working Fluid ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Reduced Gradient ◽  
Generalized Reduced Gradient ◽  
Performance Conditions

A novel combined power/refrigeration thermodynamic cycle is optimized for thermal performance in this paper. The cycle uses ammonia-water binary mixture as a working fluid and can be driven by various heat sources, such as solar, geothermal and low temperature waste heat. It could produce power as well as refrigeration with power output as a primary goal. The optimization program, which is based on the Generalized Reduced Gradient (GRG) algorithm, can be used to optimize for different objective functions. Examples that maximize second law efficiency, work output and refrigeration output are presented, showing the cycle may be optimized for any desired performance parameter. In addition, cycle performance over a range of ambient temperatures was investigated. It was found that for a source temperature of 360K, which is in the range of flat plate solar collectors, both power and refrigeration outputs are achieved under optimum conditions. All performance parameters, including first and second law efficiencies, power and refrigeration output decrease as the ambient temperature goes up. On the other hand, for a source of 440K, optimum conditions do not provide any refrigeration. However, refrigeration can be obtained even for this temperature under non-optimum performance conditions.

scholarly journals Optimasi Pemanfaatan Air Embung Kasih untuk Domestik dan Irigasi Tetes

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Segel Ginting ◽  
Dadan Rahmandani ◽  
Abid Hendri Indarta
Keyword(s):  
Reduced Gradient ◽  
Generalized Reduced Gradient

Pemerintah membangun Embung Kasih untuk mengatasi terbatasnya sumber air di Desa Tuatuka, Provinsi NTT. Embung tersebut digunakan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan domestik dan irigasi. Pengoperasian embung perlu direncanakan karena volume tampungan terbatas. Optimasi penggunaan air embung diperlukan untuk menentukan jumlah penggunaan air dengan berbagai skenario kondisi hujan. Simulasi penggunaan air tahun 1974 s.d. 2015 dilakukan sebagai evaluasi untuk menilai keberhasilan operasi embung. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk menentukan jumlah pemakaian air untuk kebutuhan domestik dan atau irigasi secara optimal. Optimasi dilakukan dengan Metode Generalized Reduced Gradient (GRG) untuk fungsi tujuan memaksimalkan penggunaan air embung. Hasil optimasi diperoleh dengan beberapa skenario. Skenario pertama untuk hujan normal, pemanfaatan air untuk domestik sekitar 2.604 orang atau untuk mengairi lahan seluas 2,746 ha dengan irigasi tetes. Skenario kedua untuk kondisi hujan ekstrim basah, pemanfaatan air untuk domestik sekitar 3.601 orang atau untuk irigasi tetes sekitar 4,698 ha. Skenario ketiga untuk kondisi hujan ekstrim kering, pemanfaatan air untuk domestik sekitar 454 orang atau untuk irigasi tetes sekitar 0,45 ha. Berdasarkan evaluasi hasil optimasi dengan menggunakan simulasi data tahun 1974 s.d. 2015, maka ditetapkan jumlah penggunaan air embung untuk domestik sekitar 454 orang dan irigasi tetes seluas 1 Ha dengan tingkat keandalan operasi embung mencapai 78,57%.

scholarly journals Dynamics of initial spacing on the diameter of hybrid Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla in a systematic design

2021 ◽  
pp. 422-430
Author(s):  
Mirella Basileu de Oliveira Lima ◽  
Mauro Eloi Nappo ◽  
Kálita Luis Soares ◽  
Renato Vinícius Oliveira Castro ◽  
Eder Pereira Miguel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eucalyptus Grandis ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Diameter Distribution ◽  
Eucalyptus Urophylla ◽  
Central Brazil ◽  
Kolmogorov Smirnov ◽  
Diameter Structure ◽  
Initial Spacing ◽  
Hybrid Eucalyptus

We evaluated the effect of initial spacing on the distribution of Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla tree diameters in a Nelder wheel design. The study area was in west-central Brazil. A Nelder wheel design with three repetitions was used. This design provides 432 planting spots per plot/repetition. Planting density varied from 0.50 m² to 41.25 m². The diameter at breast height was measured for all plants every four months until 36 months of age, totaling eight measurements. The description of the diameter distribution was developed by fitting probability density functions for each spacing and age. The quality of fit was evaluated using the root mean square error percentage, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (α < 0.05). The spacings up to 1.17 m² must be harvested in less than two years, since it is noted that in the third year the increment in diameter is static and the mortality rate increases. The spacing highly affects the diameter structure of the population, impelling the forester to consider different uses for the wood. For wood requiring larger diameters, spacing above 8.69 m² per tree is recommended

Optimal Design of Semisubmersible’s Form Based on Systems Analysis

1984 ◽  
Vol 106 (4) ◽  
pp. 524-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Akagi ◽  
R. Yokoyama ◽  
K. Ito
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Design ◽  
Computer Aided Design ◽  
Optimization Problem ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Gradient Algorithm ◽  
Interpretive Structural Modeling ◽  
Reduced Gradient ◽  
Optimal Design Method ◽  
Generalized Reduced Gradient ◽  
Aided Design

With the objective of developing a computer-aided design method to seek the optimal semisubmersible’s form, hierarchical relationships among many design objectives and conditions are investigated first based on the interpretive structural modeling method. Then, an optimal design method is formulated as a nonlinear multiobjective optimization problem by adopting three mutually conflicting design objectives. A set of Pareto optimal solutions is derived numerically by adopting the generalized reduced gradient algorithm, and it is ascertained that the designer can determine the optimal form more rationally by investigating the trade-off relationships among design objectives.

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