Usulan kriteria pemulangan pasien (patient release) kedokteran nuklir di Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 38-46
Author(s):  
Endang Kunarsih ◽  
◽  
Hermansyah Hermansyah ◽  
Rusmanto Rusmanto
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Medicine ◽  
Effective Dose ◽  
Radiation Source ◽  
Radioactive Substance ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Conditional Release ◽  
The Public ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Calculated Dose ◽  
Nuclear Medicine Procedures

Nuclear medicine procedures are carried out by applying a radioactive substance to the patient’s body. Thus, the patient can be assumed to be a ‘radiation source’ and needs to follow special provisions so that his presence does not expose nearby individuals unnecessarily. Therefore, when the patient is released from the hospital, it must ensure that the patient’s radiation exposure does not expose the individuals in the vicinity. However, several related regulations have not regulated this in detail. In this paper, a study is carried out regarding the criteria considered in the release of nuclear medicine patients. The method used is a literature study. The study results recommend release criteria through two approaches based on the estimated maximum effective dose that the public may accept, namely conditional release with a calculated dose of less than or equal to 5 mSv and unconditional release with an estimated dose of less than or equal to 1 mSv. Conditional release is the release of a patient provided with post-release guidance, while unconditional release is the release of the patient without being supplied with post-release advice. Keywords: nuclear medicine, patient release, conditional release, unconditional release

Radiation exposure of patients undergoing nuclear medicine procedures in Germany between 1996 and 2000

2005 ◽  
Vol 44 (05) ◽  
pp. 119-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Schnell-Inderst ◽  
D. Noßke ◽  
M. Weiss ◽  
A. Stamm-Meyer ◽  
G. Brix ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Medicine ◽  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
Effective Dose ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Annual Number ◽  
Statistical Parameters ◽  
Public Health Information ◽  
Nuclear Medicine Procedures ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Icrp Publication

Summary:The aim of this study was to estimate both the frequency and effective dose of nuclear medicine procedures performed in Germany between 1996 and 2000 for different subgroups of patients. Methods: Electronically archived data from 14 hospitals and 10 private practices were restored and statistically analyzed. The effective dose per examination was calculated according to ICRP publication 80 using the tissue weighting factors given in ICRP publication 60. Based on the data collected, statistical parameters were computed to characterize the frequency and effective dose of the various nuclear medicine procedures. Results: In total, 604,771 nuclear medicine procedures performed in 433,709 patients were analyzed. On average, 1.4 examinations were carried out per patient and year. The median effective dose was 1.7 [5.-95. percentile; mean: 0.4–8.5; 2.9] mSv per examination and 2.3 [0.5–11.2; 3.5] mSv per patient. Interestingly, the mean effective dose per examination, but not the number of examinations per year increased with the age of the patients. Most frequent were examinations of the thyroid (36.7%), the skeleton (27.1%) and the cardiovascular system (11.1%), which were associated with a median effective dose of 0.5 [0.5–1.1; 0.7] mSv, 3.4 [2.9–5.1; 3.6] mSv and 7.3 [3.2–21.0; 9.5] mSv, respectively. Over the five-year period examined, the total annual number of PET procedures (222.3%) as well as of examinations of thyroid (24.5%), skeleton (17.9%), and the cardiovascular system (14.9%) increased markedly, whereas a decrease was observed for brain (-39.3%), lung (-20.2%) and renal (-15.0%) scans. Conclusion: The age- and gender-specific data presented in this study provide detailed public health information on both the current status and recent trends in the practice of diagnostic nuclear medicine examinations.

The estimation of the effective dose to a population from nuclear medicine procedures in north of Iran

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (2/3) ◽  
pp. 166
Author(s):  
Ali Shabestani Monfared ◽  
Mehrangiz Amiri ◽  
Fereidoon Mahboob ◽  
Sima Farahi Ashtiani
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Medicine ◽  
Effective Dose ◽  
North Of Iran ◽  
Nuclear Medicine Procedures

Diagnostic nuclear medicine procedures in Germany between 1996 and 2002

2006 ◽  
Vol 45 (01) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Noßke ◽  
P. Schnell-Inderst ◽  
M. Hacker ◽  
K. Hahn ◽  
G. Brix ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Medicine ◽  
Effective Dose ◽  
Insurance Companies ◽  
German Population ◽  
Diagnostic Nuclear Medicine ◽  
Public Health Information ◽  
Health Insurance Companies ◽  
Effective Doses ◽  
Application Frequency ◽  
Nuclear Medicine Procedures

Summary Aim: Man-made radiation exposure to the German population predominantly results from the medical use of ionizing radiation. It was therefore the aim of the present study, to provide public health information concerning diagnostic nuclear medicine procedures carried out in Germany between 1996 and 2002. Material and methods: Application frequencies for 10 groups of procedures were estimated from official reimbursement data provided by the German health insurance companies. Mean effective doses for these examinations were estimated from data provided by 14 clinics and 10 practices concerning the radiopharmaceuticals in use and the activities administered. Results: During the period 1996-2002, a total of (3.83 ± 0.31) million nuclear medicine procedures were performed in average per year, which corresponds to a mean annual application frequency of approximately 47 examinations per 1 000 inhabitants. More than 90% of the examinations were scintigraphies of the thyroid (37%), skeleton (25%), myocardium (13%), lungs (8%) and kidneys (8%). The averaged collective effective dose was (10.2 ± 1.4) ⋅103 manSv per year, which corresponds to a mean annual per caput effective dose of about (0.12 ± 0.02) mSv. Three types of procedures were responsible for about 80% of the total collective effective dose: scintigraphies of the myocardium (36%), skeleton (33%) and thyroid (10%). Averaged over all procedures carried-out, the mean effective dose per examination was (2.7 ± 0.8) mSv. Conclusion: The average effective dose per inhabitant and year caused by nuclear medicine examinations is markedly lower than that resulting from medical X-ray procedures (0.12 vs. 1.8 mSv). Reduction of patient exposure may be achieved, for example, by replacing 201Tl-labeled radiopharmaceuticals by 99mTc-labeled compounds.

scholarly journals Arsitektur Rumah Tinggal Jepang untuk Masyarakat Umum

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 290
Author(s):  
Nina Nurdiani
Keyword(s):  
Public Housing ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
World War ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Housing Provision ◽  
The Public ◽  
Residential Architecture ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Descriptive Approach ◽  
Public Society

The form of Japanese residential architecture throughout its history shows its own uniqueness. The success of the Japanese government to provide housing for its citizens supports the study to know how Japanese residential architecture for the public society happened until today. The study of Japanese residential architecture for the public society was conducted by the descriptive approach. Data were collected through literature study from the history and development of Japanese residential architecture for public society and also done by field observations in Tokyo and surrounding cities. The study results the knowledge about many forms of residential architecture to public society since before the world war until now and provides knowledge relating to the successful provision of public housing so that it can be accepted by the occupants. The study is expected to provide inputs for the development of programs for public housing provision in urban areas in Indonesia.

scholarly journals Patient Exposure from Radiologic and Nuclear Medicine Procedures in the United States: Procedure Volume and Effective Dose for the Period 2006–2016

Radiology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 295 (2) ◽  
pp. 418-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred A. Mettler ◽  
Mahadevappa Mahesh ◽  
Mythreyi Bhargavan-Chatfield ◽  
Charles E. Chambers ◽  
Jennifer G. Elee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nuclear Medicine ◽  
Effective Dose ◽  
The United States ◽  
Patient Exposure ◽  
Procedure Volume ◽  
Nuclear Medicine Procedures

Collective effective dose in Europe from X-ray and nuclear medicine procedures

2015 ◽  
Vol 165 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 129-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Bly ◽  
A. Jahnen ◽  
H. Järvinen ◽  
H. Olerud ◽  
J. Vassileva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Medicine ◽  
Effective Dose ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Nuclear Medicine Procedures

Patient Exposure and Radiation Risk in Bulgarian Diagnostic Nuclear Medicine I. Survey of Diagnostic Nuclear Medicine Procedures in Bulgaria in 1980

1982 ◽  
Vol 21 (03) ◽  
pp. 85-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Poppitz
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Medicine ◽  
Radiation Risk ◽  
Patient Exposure ◽  
Diagnostic Nuclear Medicine ◽  
Nuklearmedizinische Diagnostik ◽  
Nuclear Medicine Procedures

Um die Strahlenexposition und das Strahlenrisiko für die Bevölkerung durch die nuklearmedizinische Diagnostik in Bulgarien zu ermitteln, wurde eine Erhebung für das Jahr 1980 über die Arten und Anzahl der Applikationen von Radiopharmaka, über die verwendeten Aktivitäten und über die Geschlechts- und Altersverteilung der untersuchten Patienten durchgeführt. Die Gesamtzahl diagnostischer in vivo Applikationen betrug 116418 (davon 40,5% bei Männern und 59,5% bei Frauen), d.h. 13,1 Applikationen per 1000 Einwohner. Die applizierte Gesamtaktivität aller 44 verwendeter Radiopharmaka betrug ca. 2,1 TBq (56 Ci). Die Geschlechts- und Altersverteilung der untersuchten Patienten war ähnlich jener in anderen Ländern: nur 17,4% aller Patienten waren im reproduktionsfähigen Alter, 52,7% waren über 45 Jahre alt. Im Vergleich zu anderen entwickelten Ländern war in Bulgarien im Jahr 1980 der Anteil der 131J-Jodid-Untersuchungen verhältnismäßig hoch.

Radiation exposure in the environment of patients after application of radiopharmaceuticals

2008 ◽  
Vol 47 (06) ◽  
pp. 267-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Boldt ◽  
C. Kobe ◽  
W. Eschner ◽  
H. Schicha ◽  
F. Sudbrock
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Medicine ◽  
Radiation Exposure ◽  
Radioactive Source ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
The Public ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
Diagnostic Nuclear Medicine ◽  
Photon Dose ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Study Dose

Summary Aim: After application of radiopharmaceuticals the patient becomes a radioactive source which leads to radiation exposure in the proximity. The photon dose rates after administration of different radiopharmaceuticals used in diagnostic nuclear medicine were measured at several distances and different time intervals. These data are of importance for estimating the exposure of technologists and members of the public. Patients, method: In this study dose rates were measured for 67 patients after application of the following radiopharmaceuticals: 99mTc-HDP as well as 99mTcpertechnetate, 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose, 111In-Octreotid and Zevalin® and 123I-mIBG in addition to 123I-NaI. The dose rates were measured immediately following application at six different distances to the patient. After two hours the measurements were repeated and – whenever possible – after 24 hours and seven days. Results: Immediately following application the highest dose rates were below 1 mSv / h: with a maximum at 780 μSv/h for 18F (370 MBq), 250 μSv/h for 99mTc (700 MBq), 150 μSv/h for 111In (185 MBq) and 132 μSv/ h for 123I (370 MBq). At a distance of 0.5 m the values decrease significantly by an order of magnitude. Two hours after application the values are diminished to 1/3 (99mTc, 18F), to nearly ½ (123I) but remain in the same order of magnitude for the longer-lived 111In radiopharmaceuticals. Conclusion: For greater distances the doses remain below the limits outlined in the national legislation.

Radiation exposure of the staff at the therapeutic and diagnostic nuclear medicine department

2008 ◽  
Vol 47 (04) ◽  
pp. 175-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Dolezal
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Medicine ◽  
Radiation Exposure ◽  
Effective Dose ◽  
Radiation Protection ◽  
Annual Effective Dose ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Professional Groups ◽  
Personal Dosimetry ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Administered Activity

SummaryAim: To assess a radiation exposure and the quality of radiation protection concerning a nuclear medicine staff at our department as a six-year retrospective study. Therapeutic radionuclides such as 131I, 153Sm, 186Re, 32P, 90Y and diagnostic ones as a 99mTc, 201Tl, 67Ga, 111In were used. Material, method: The effective dose was evaluated in the period of 2001–2006 for nuclear medicine physicians (n = 5), technologists (n = 9) and radiopharmacists (n = 2). A personnel film dosimeter and thermoluminescent ring dosimeter for measuring (1-month periods) the personal dose equivalent Hp(10) and Hp(0,07) were used by nuclear medicine workers. The wearing of dosimeters was obligatory within the framework of a nationwide service for personal dosimetry. The total administered activity of all radionuclides during these six years at our department was 17,779 GBq (99mTc 14 708 GBq, 131I 2490 GBq, others 581 GBq). The administered activity of 99mTc was similar, but the administered activity of 131I in 2006 increased by 200%, as compared with the year 2001. Results: The mean and one standard deviation (SD) of the personal annual effective dose (mSv) for nuclear medicine physicians was 1.9 ± 0.6, 1.8 ± 0.8, 1.2 ± 0.8, 1.4 ± 0.8, 1.3 ± 0.6, 0.8 ± 0.4 and for nuclear medicine technologists was 1.9 ± 0.8, 1.7 ± 1.4, 1.0 ± 1.0, 1.1 ± 1.2, 0.9 ± 0.4 and 0.7 ± 0.2 in 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005 and 2006, respectively. The mean (n = 2, estimate of SD makes little sense) of the personal annual effective dose (mSv) for radiopharmacists was 3.2, 1.8, 0.6, 1.3, 0.6 and 0.3. Although the administered activity of 131I increased, the mean personal effective dose per year decreased during the six years. Conclusion: In all three professional groups of nuclear medicine workers a decreasing radiation exposure was found, although the administered activity of 131I increased during this six-year period. Our observations suggest successful radiation protection measures at our department.

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