Occipital Emissary Foramina in South Indian Modern Human Skulls

An occipital emissary foramen has been traditionally described as a foramen present in the squamous part of the occipital bone at the occipital protuberance transmitting a vein that connects the confluence of sinuses with the occipital vein. The present study was done on 221 South Indian adult modern human skulls of unknown sex in the Department of Anatomy, St John’s Medical College, Bangalore, India. The foramen was observed in 21/221 (9.50%) skulls, 6/21 (28.57%) to the right of, 10/21 (47.61%) to the left of, and 2/21 (9.52%) on the External Occipital Crest. It was seen more often near the posterior margin of foramen magnum rather than at the External Occipital Protuberance as has been traditionally described. A new finding is that bilateral foramina were observed in 3 skulls (14.28%). The incidence was higher than seen in other Indian population. Since it is present near the foramen magnum in most cases, knowledge of the number and position of the foramen is important for suboccipital craniotomies. The extensive connections of the veins with cranial venous sinuses may lead to intracranial infections and vice versa.

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Formation of Perioesophageal Plexus Gulae and Anterior and Posterior Vagal Trunks in South Indian Population : A morphological study

National Journal of Clinical Anatomy ◽

10.1055/s-0039-3401653 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 01 (01) ◽

pp. 001-006

Author(s):

Amudha Govindarajan

Keyword(s):

Indian Population ◽

Surgical Repair ◽

South Indian Population ◽

Vagus Nerves ◽

Medical College ◽

South Indian ◽

Autopsy Specimens ◽

Madras Medical College ◽

The Right ◽

Left Vagus

Abstract Background and Aim of the study: Vagus the wanderer is the tenth cranial nerve with long extra cranial course. Below the bifurcation of trachea, the right and left vagi form plexus around the oesophagus before they enter the abdomen as anterior and posterior vagal trunks. There are variations in the contribution by the right and left vagi for the formation of oesophageal plexus and according to Chamberlin and Winship there are three different patterns in the formation of peri oesophageal plexus. The present study was aimed to study the formation of perioesophageal plexus, incidence of different patterns of peri oesophageal plexus in south Iudian population and the number of vagal trunks formed from the oesophageal plexus in the lower end of the oesophagus. Materials and Methods : The formation of perioesophageal plexus Gulae was studied in forty four autopsy specimens of oesophagus and stomach and six foetal specimens at Institute of Anatomy, Madras Medical College, Chennai. Results : The formation of perioesophageal plexus and the number of fibres from the right and left vagus nerves which contribute to the plexus formation were studied. There were significant differences in the formation of plexus Gulae. There were variations in the pattern of perioesophageal plexus and the number of vagal trunks arising from the plexus. The results of the present study in South Indian population were compared with the results in the Western population. Conclusions : Awareness regarding the presence of plexus Gulae and number of vagal trunks related to lower end of oesophagus has considerable importance in the surgical repair of hiatus hernia and while treating atrial fibrillation.

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Morphometric Analysis of Foramen Magnum for Sex Determination in South Indian Population

Journal of Health and Allied Sciences NU ◽

10.1055/s-0040-1703549 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 02 (01) ◽

pp. 20-22

Author(s):

Radhakrishna S. K. ◽

Shivarama C. H. ◽

Ramakrishna A. ◽

Bhagya B.

Keyword(s):

Indian Population ◽

Good Condition ◽

Cranial Base ◽

Foramen Magnum ◽

Transverse Diameter ◽

South Indian Population ◽

Medical College ◽

Metric Analysis ◽

South Indian ◽

Oval Shape

AbstractIn this study the foramen magnum was analyzed for sex differences using standard osteometric techniques.We analyzed 100 (55 males and 45 females) skulls from the department of Anatomy, Yenepoya Medical College which were in good condition with a record of sex. The cranial base was visually assessed for foramen magnum shape. Morphometry (anteroposterior diameter (APD)& Transverse diameter (TD)) was determined and their differences by gender (p <0.05) were ascertained.Oval shape was the most common followed by round, tetragonal and pentagonal in both sex. The results demonstrated that sexual dimorphism is present in the foramen magnum. APD and TD were higher in male skulls than females (34.04 vs 31.72 and 28.63 vs 26.59).In incomplete skeletons, metric analysis of the foramen magnum may provide a statistically useful indication as to sex of the unknown skull.

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MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF FORAMEN MAGNUM IN NORTH INDIAN POPULATION

Journal of Anatomical Sciences - Volume 27(2), December 2019 ◽

10.46351/jas.v26i2pp54-57 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 26 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Poonam Srivastava ◽

Medha Das ◽

Shirin Jahan

Keyword(s):

Morphometric Analysis ◽

Indian Population ◽

Uttar Pradesh ◽

Foramen Magnum ◽

Transverse Diameter ◽

Brain Herniation ◽

Medical College ◽

The Mean ◽

Large Opening ◽

Human Skulls

Introduction: Foramen magnum is a large opening located in the occipital bone of the skull. The morphometric analysis of foramen magnum is clinically and surgically important because vital structures passing through it may suffer compression such as in cases of achondroplasia, brain herniation and meningiomas. Objectives: To study morphometric analysis of foramen magnum in dry human skulls and to measure its anteroposterior diameter, transverse diameter and foramen magnum index. Material & Methods: 100 dried human skulls of unknown age and sex were obtained from Department of Anatomy, Rama Medical College and GSVM Medical College, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. Deformed samples were excluded. Different parameters were measured with the help of Vernier caliper. Results: The mean antero-posterior diameter of foramen magnum was 33.79mm. The maximum antero-posterior diameter of foramen magnum was 40mm and minimum antero-posterior diameter was 28.2mm.The mean transverse diameter of foramen magnum was 28.30mm.The maximum transverse diameter of foramen magnum was 36mm and minimum transverse diameter was 21.5mm.The mean index of foramen magnum was 84.14mm. Conclusion: The morphometric analysis of foramen magnum and its variation is important not only for anatomists but also important to the anesthetists, neurosurgeons, orthopedicians and radiologists ; while planning and performing cranio-vertebral junction procedures.

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Occipital emissary foramina in adult human skulls and their clinical implications

National Journal of Clinical Anatomy ◽

10.1055/s-0039-3401691 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 02 (01) ◽

pp. 22-25

Author(s):

Arthi Ganapathy ◽

Sadeesh T. ◽

Sudha Rao

Keyword(s):

Average Distance ◽

Foramen Magnum ◽

Clinical Implications ◽

Medical College ◽

Adult Human ◽

Indian Origin ◽

Emissary Veins ◽

Human Skulls ◽

Gandhi Medical College ◽

The Right

Abstract Background and Aims: Occipital emissary veins are important sources of bleeding during skull base surgeries like suboccipital craniotomies. To prevent such complications it is important to know the topography and incidence of occipital emissary foramina hence the present study aims to find the incidence and location of occipital emissary foramina in adult human skulls of Indian origin. Materials and methods: One hundred human skulls from the collection of Department of Anatomy Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Pondicherry and other medical colleges in and around Pondicherry were evaluated. The bones were examined for incidence of occipital emissary foramina. Number of emissary foramina and their distance from the margin of foramen magnum were noted. The patency of the foramina was confirmed by passing a probe through it. Results: Out of the 100 human adult skull bones examined 14(14%) of them showed patent occipital formina. Six of these foramina were present on the left side and six on the right side of midline. Double occipital foramina were seen in two skulls (2%). All the foramina were in proximity to foramen magnum than to the external occipital protuberance. The average distance of the occipital emissary foramina from the margin of foramen magnum was 1.13cm on the left side and 1.10cm on the right side. Conclusion: The present study has shown that the occipital emissary foramina occur at a higher frequency than what has been described earlier in literature.

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Study of clavicle : length and curvatures in South Indian population

National Journal of Clinical Anatomy ◽

10.1055/s-0039-3401770 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 03 (04) ◽

pp. 198-202

Author(s):

R. Sudha

Keyword(s):

Indian Population ◽

Average Length ◽

Plate Fixation ◽

Anatomical Variations ◽

Surgical Correction ◽

South Indian Population ◽

Lateral Angle ◽

Medical College ◽

South Indian ◽

The Right

Abstract Background and aim of the study: The clavicle is a subcutaneous bone most frequently fractured at the junction of its lateral and middle third of the shaft. Anatomical variations of the curvatures of clavicle can be of relevance for surgical correction procedures like intramedullary or internal plate fixation. The aim of the present study was to observe variations of length and medial and lateral angles of curvatures of the clavicle in a sample of South Indian population. Materials and methods: One hundred and thirteen unpaired clavicles (50 left side, 63 right side) of unknown sex and age were studied from the bone collection available at Anatomy departments of Annapoorana Medical College, Vinayaka Mission's Medical and Homeopathy Colleges, Salem. To measure the angles, Parsons method and a protractor was used. Length of the clavicle was measured with a Vernier Calipers. Observation: The average length of the clavicle was found to be 13.74cm left side and 13.76cm on the right side. The average medial angle of the clavicle on the left side is 146° and right side is147.5°. The average lateral angle on the left side is 144° and right side is 142.05°.The total average angle of the clavicle is 290.30° on left side and 289.59° on right side. Conclusion: The average length of the clavicle on the right side is more than the left side. The medial angle on the right side and the lateral angle on left side are more than corresponding opposite sides. These variations can be useful for the orthopaedic surgeons during the surgical correction procedures of clavicle fractures.

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An osteological study of distal end of femur in adult south Indian population

MedPulse International Journal of Anatomy ◽

10.26611/10011913 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 10-12

Author(s):

Ashwini N S ◽

Keyword(s):

Indian Population ◽

South Indian Population ◽

Intercondylar Notch ◽

Medical College ◽

Notch Width ◽

South Indian ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Total Knee ◽

The Right ◽

Intercondylar Notch Width

Background: Need for the study: Anthropometric studies across different population groups have exhibited significant difference between races. Hence the usage of implant for total knee arthroplasty has to be gender specific and race specific. This study was undertaken to analyse the morphometry of distal end of femur in South Indian population. Aims and objectives: To analyse the morphometry of distal end of femur and to study the anteroposterior dimensions of condyles of femur, bicondylar width, intercondylar notch width. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 150 femur (80 right and 70 left) obtained from Department of Anatomy of a private medical college. Measurements of anteroposterior dimensions of condyles of femur, bicondylar width, intercondylar notch width were taken using a sliding calipers. Conclusions: In the present study, mean Bicondylar width noted in the present study is 72.63 ±4.13 mm on the right side and 71.25±3.14mm on the left side The mean intercondylar width observed is 21.27±4.18mm on the right side and 20.35±2.14mm on the left side. There was no statistically significant differences observed in the values of anteroposterior length of medial and lateral condyles, bicondylar width, intercondylar width between right and left sides. The results of the study has application in the field of biomedical engineering to design knee implants specific for South Indian population.

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A STUDY OF THE DIMENSIONS OF HUMAN ACETABULUM IN THE DRY HIP BONES OF SOUTH KERALA POPULATION

10.36106/ijar/2702747 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 11-14

Author(s):

Rani Raphael M ◽

Sajey P. S. ◽

Rajad. R ◽

Varghese P. D

Keyword(s):

Indian Population ◽

Hip Prosthesis ◽

Human Anatomy ◽

Morphological Data ◽

Male And Female ◽

Medical College ◽

The Mean ◽

Kerala State ◽

The Right ◽

Anatomical Parameters

Introduction: In human anatomy the acetabulum is a cavity on the lateral aspect of the hip-bone. The purpose of this study is to record the depth and diameter of the acetabulum cavity to accumulate morphological data helpful for anthropologists, Forensic medicine experts and orthopedicians. Materials And Methods: The study was done on 88 adult human hip bones (42 right and 46 left) collected from Department of Anatomy, Govt.T.D Medical College, Alappuzha, Kerala state. The diameters and maximum depth were measured using digital vernier calliper. The measurements were compared with other studies in the world. The mean diam Results: eter of acetabulum was 48.08 ± 3.21mm, 44.16 ± 2.60 mm in male and female respectively. The mean ± S.D value of depth was 29.11± 2.37 and 27.20± 2.01 mm. in male and female respectively. The correlation between depth and diameter was signicant only in the right male hip bones. There is signicant variation in the Conclusion: anatomical parameters of hip bone between different Indian population groups. The data from this study may be used for designing population specic hip prosthesis.

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Variant Anatomy of Hypoglossal Canal: An Osteological Study in North Indian Population

Academia Anatomica International ◽

10.21276/aanat.2020.6.1.9 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 40-42

Author(s):

Yadav S ◽

Pandey P ◽

Pasricha N ◽

Bhatnagar R

Keyword(s):

Clinical Relevance ◽

Indian Population ◽

North Indian Population ◽

Hypoglossal Canal ◽

Posterior Condylar ◽

Human Skulls ◽

The Right ◽

Variant Anatomy

Introduction: To assess the presence of duplicated hypoglossal canal. Subjects and Methods: A total of 80 dried human skulls were collected from the Anthropology lab of the department of Anatomy K.G.M.U.,U. P., Lucknow, India. The skulls were examined for duplicated hypoglossal canal and presence of posterior condylar canal. Theskulls were closely inspected with the use of hand lens. Results: We observed bilateral duplicated hypoglossal canal in 3 skulls (3.75%), Unilateral duplication was seen in 15 skulls (18.75%) [i.e.7 on the right side and 8 on the left side]. We observed that the presence of duplicated hypoglossal canal was mostly associated with the presence of posterior condylar canal. Conclusion: Duplicated hypoglossal canal in humans may result in minor degrees of alterations in the movements of the tongue due to entrapment of nerve during ossification. The clinical relevance of this knowledge is important for radiologists and neurosurgeons.

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