Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
James R. Hines
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Figure Skating ◽  
Postwar Period ◽  
Proficiency Tests ◽  
Recreational Activity ◽  
History Of ◽  
Charles Ii ◽  
National Styles

This introductory chapter begins with a brief history of figure skating. The birthplace of figure skating is England, following the return of Charles II in 1660. For two hundred years it remained exclusively a recreational activity, and still in the mid-nineteenth century members of the London Skating Club opposed adamantly anything suggesting competition, even proficiency tests. Competitive figure skating, local at first, dates from the mid-nineteenth century in most countries. It became international later in the century, and problems surfaced almost immediately as skaters trained in their own national styles competed against skaters trained in other styles. The chapter then sets out the book's focus, namely World and Olympic championship skaters from 1896 through 2002. Their successes and their failures are identified; their contributions are celebrated. The narrative through the postwar period progresses generally by decades. It emphasizes major issues, some short-lived but others extending over longer periods, that are identified with the skaters most directly affected. General concerns of the International Skating Union are addressed throughout.

Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Pfeifer
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Social Values ◽  
Criminal Prosecution ◽  
Collective Violence ◽  
Adversarial System ◽  
History Of ◽  
Anglo American

This introductory chapter discusses the gaps in current American lynching historiography, noting that, while several recent studies of lynching have enhanced our understanding of the history of the rhetoric surrounding the term lynching, they have only peripherally addressed the very real practices of collective violence that the word actually connoted in particular times and places. In addition, the chapter provides a brief overview of American lynching, which arose in the early to mid-nineteenth century as a response to alterations in law and social values (the shift from a penology of retribution and deterrence to one centered on reform of the criminal, the rise of the adversarial system and aggressive defense lawyering, the shift from private to public criminal prosecution, and the professionalization of criminal justice) that occurred throughout the Anglo-American world.

Writing American Catholic History

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Margaret M. McGuinness ◽  
James T. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
New France ◽  
Protestant Christianity ◽  
History Of ◽  
Catholic History ◽  
American Catholic ◽  
Eastern Seaboard

This introductory chapter begins with a brief discussion of the history of U.S. Catholicism, which is traced back to the efforts of Franciscan missionaries in the sixteenth-century Southwest prior to the arrival of Anglo-Protestants along the Eastern Seaboard, and then moved on to Jesuits in New France (Canada) early in the following century. By 1850, Catholicism was the largest religious denomination in the United States, and remains so to this day. American Protestant Christianity has always boasted a substantial aggregate majority of religious adherents, but Protestantism was broken into so many movements by the mid-nineteenth century that no single Protestant group equaled in size the nation's Catholic populace. An overview of the subsequent chapters is also presented.

A Biography of a Person and a Book

2015 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Shulamit S. Magnus
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Cultural History ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Religious Practices ◽  
Her Family ◽  
Jewish Society ◽  
Jewish Experience ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cultural Power

This introductory chapter provides an overview of Pauline Wengeroff and her Memoirs of a Grandmother: Scenes from the Cultural History of the Jews of Russia in the Nineteenth Century. Wengeroff's two volumes are extraordinary on many grounds. As their full title proclaims, she writes the history of an era in Jewish experience, coupling her story and that of her family with that of Russian Jewry in the time of its transition from tradition to modernity. In Memoirs, Wengeroff gives a rich depiction of traditional Jewish society in Russia with a particular focus on the religious practices and piety of women. She tells a dramatic tale of the dissolution of traditionalism in this society from the perspective of women, marriage, and families. Indeed, she argues for the cultural power of women, though not as a feminist. Focusing on Wengeroff's adolescent and adult life, this book traces how Memoirs of a Grandmother came to be in the form in which it is found.

scholarly journals Introduction

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-35
Author(s):  
Ryan Sweet
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
History Of Science ◽  
Artificial Limbs ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Victorian Studies ◽  
Prosthetic Devices ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
History Of ◽  
Technology And Literature

AbstractThis introductory chapter sets out the book’s argument that nineteenth-century prosthesis narratives, though presented in a predominantly ableist and sometimes disablist manner, challenge the dominance of physical completeness as they question the logic of prostheticization or present non-normative subjects in threateningly powerful ways. The chapter positions this argument in relation to various scholarly fields, including disability studies, Victorian studies, the history of science and technology, and literature and science. It addresses several methodological questions, including those pertaining to the prosthetic devices, historical period, and specific sources selected for investigation. In responding to these questions, the chapter provides potted histories of the technological developments of nineteenth-century artificial limbs, eyes, teeth, and hair. It also explains the author’s decision to use terms such as wholeness and incompleteness.

Criminal Minds

2020 ◽  
pp. 95-112
Author(s):  
Maurizio Ascari
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Postwar Period ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Freudian Psychoanalysis ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
History Of

This chapter provides an archaeology of the ‘psycho-thriller’, which emerged as a named, self-identifying genre in the postwar period and was popularized by the films of Alfred Hitchcock, most notably Psycho (1960). Scholars have pointed out links back to American noir of the 1930s and 1940s, but Ascari goes further by presenting a full prehistory of the genre, arguing that it has roots in late-eighteenth- and nineteenth-century theories of the conflicted, often irrational mind. Beginning with William Godwin’s psychological philosophy, including its application in the novel Caleb Williams (1794), and ending with novels and films inspired by Freudian psychoanalysis, Ascari not only uncovers an alternative history of the genre that crosses boundaries between genres and media, but also articulates a theory of genre predicated on hybridization and mobility rather than outlived notions of origin, stasis and purity.

Skating before Figures

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
James R. Hines
Keyword(s):  
Ancient World ◽  
Figure Skating ◽  
Recreational Activity ◽  
Patron Saint ◽  
Ice Skating ◽  
History Of ◽  
Early Account ◽  
Bodies Of Water

Today, skating on artificial ice in indoor rinks is a year-round recreational activity enjoyed by people of all ages and abilities as well as a sport both amateur and professional that enjoys unprecedented popularity. But throughout most of its history, ice skating has been an activity limited to short seasons and possible only in countries where lakes, ponds, canals, or other bodies of water provide frozen surfaces on which skaters could enjoy the challenge and excitement of gliding across natural ice. In the ancient world, long before skating became a recreational activity or a sport, those same frozen surfaces provided a different kind of challenge. Passage over them was a necessity for survival during harsh winter months. This chapter traces the history of ice skating before the advent of competitive figure skating. It discusses mythology and the earliest skaters; the earliest skates; an early account of recreational skating; skating as a tool of warfare; figure skating's patron saint, the virgin Lydwina of Schiedam.

Introduction

2001 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Shmuel Feiner ◽  
David Sorkin
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Social History ◽  
Intimate Relationship ◽  
The West ◽  
Jewish Communities ◽  
The North ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of

This introductory chapter provides an overview of Haskalah, or Jewish Enlightenment. The Haskalah provides an interesting example of one of the Enlightenments of eighteenth- to nineteenth-century Europe which also constituted a unique chapter in the social history of European Jewry. It encompasses over 120 years (from around the 1770s to the 1890s), and a large number of Jewish communities, from London in the west, to Copenhagen in the north, to Vilna and St Petersburg in the east. Much scholarship in the past concentrated on the Haskalah's intimate relationship to Jewish modernization: scholars examined the role of the Haskalah in the processes of political emancipation and the integration of Jews into the larger society. A different approach became possible once the modernization of European Jewry came to be viewed as a series of processes that awaited adequate analysis and explanation, the Haskalah being one of the foremost among them.

A history of some fruit models in wax and other materials: scientific teaching aids and courtly table decorations

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans-JüRgen Lechtreck
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Visual Aids ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Teaching Aids ◽  
Scientific Teaching ◽  
Glass Marble ◽  
History Of ◽  
By Products ◽  
Wax Models

Two early nineteenth century texts treating the production and use of wax models of fruit reveal the history of these objects in the context of courtly decoration. Both sources emphasise the models' decorative qualities and their suitability for display, properties which were not simply by-products of the realism that the use of wax allowed. Thus, such models were not regarded merely as visual aids for educational purposes. The artists who created them sought to entice collectors of art and natural history objects, as well as teachers and scientists. Wax models of fruits are known to have been collected and displayed as early as the seventeenth century, although only one such collection is extant. Before the early nineteenth century models of fruits made from wax or other materials (glass, marble, faience) were considered worthy of display because contemporaries attached great importance to mastery of the cultivation and grafting of fruit trees. This skill could only be demonstrated by actually showing the fruits themselves. Therefore, wax models made before the early nineteenth century may also be regarded as attempts to preserve natural products beyond the point of decay.

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