Physiological variability and in vitro antifungal activity against Botrytis cinerea causing botrytis gray mold of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

Background Botrytis cinerea causes serious gray mold disease in many plants. This pathogen has developed resistance to many fungicides. Thus, it has become necessary to look for new safe yet effective compounds against B. cinerea. Methods Essential oils (EOs) from 17 plant species were assayed against B. cinerea, of which Origanum vulgare essential oil (OVEO) showed strong antifungal activity, and accordingly its main components were detected by GC/MS. Further study was conducted on the effects of OVEO, carvacrol and thymol in vitro on mycelium growth and spore germination, mycelium morphology, leakages of cytoplasmic contents, mitochondrial injury and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) of B. cinerea. The control efficacies of OVEO, carvacrol and thymol on tomato gray mold were evaluated in vivo. Results Of all the 17 plant EOs tested, Cinnamomum cassia, Litsea cubeba var. formosana and O. vulgare EOs had the best inhibitory effect on B. cinerea, with 0.5 mg/mL completely inhibiting the mycelium growth of B. cinerea. Twenty-one different compounds of OVEO were identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, and the main chemical components were carvacrol (89.98%), β-caryophyllene (3.34%), thymol (2.39%), α-humulene (1.38%) and 1-methyl-2-propan-2-ylbenzene isopropyl benzene (1.36%). In vitro experiment showed EC50 values of OVEO, carvacrol and thymol were 140.04, 9.09 and 21.32 μg/mL, respectively. Carvacrol and thymol completely inhibited the spore germination of B. cinerea at the concentration of 300 μg/mL while the inhibition rate of OVEO was 80.03%. EC50 of carvacrol and thymol have significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the fresh and dry weight of mycelia. The collapse and damage on B. cinerea mycelia treated with 40 μg/mL of carvacrol and thymol was examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Through extracellular conductivity test and fluorescence microscope observation, it was found that carvacrol and thymol led to increase the permeability of target cells, the destruction of mitochondrial membrane and ROS accumulation. In vivo conditions, 1000 μg/mL carvacrol had the best protective and therapeutic effects on tomato gray mold (77.98% and 28.04%, respectively), and the protective effect was significantly higher than that of 400 μg/mL pyrimethanil (43.15%). While the therapeutic and protective effects of 1,000 μg/mL OVEO and thymol were comparable to chemical control. Conclusions OVEO showed moderate antifungal activity, whereas its main components carvacrol and thymol have great application potential as natural fungicides or lead compounds for commercial fungicides in preventing and controlling plant diseases caused by B. cinerea.

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Synthesis of New Hydrated Geranylphenols and in Vitro Antifungal Activity against Botrytis cinerea

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms17060840 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 17 (6) ◽

pp. 840 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Mauricio Soto ◽

Luis Espinoza ◽

María Chávez ◽

Katy Díaz ◽

Andrés Olea ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antifungal Activity ◽

Botrytis Cinerea ◽

In Vitro Antifungal Activity

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In Vitro Antifungal Activity of the Diterpenoid 7α-Hydroxy-8(17)-labden-15-oic Acid and Its Derivatives against Botrytis cinerea

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules14061966 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 14 (6) ◽

pp. 1966-1979 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Leonora Mendoza ◽

Pamela Espinoza ◽

Alejandro Urzua ◽

Marcela Vivanco ◽

Milena Cotoras

Keyword(s):

Antifungal Activity ◽

Botrytis Cinerea ◽

In Vitro Antifungal Activity

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Efficacy of Essential Oil and Hydrosol Extract of Marrubium vulgare on Fungi Responsible for Apples Rot

Anti-Infective Agents ◽

10.2174/2211352517666190618105332 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 285-293

Author(s):

Amina Tabet Zatla ◽

Imane Mami ◽

Mohammed El Amine Dib ◽

Mohammed El Amine Sifi

Keyword(s):

Antifungal Activity ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Botrytis Cinerea ◽

Alternaria Alternata ◽

Penicillium Expansum ◽

Caryophyllene Oxide ◽

Marrubium Vulgare ◽

In Vitro Antifungal Activity

Background: The microorganisms such as Penicillium expansum and Botrytis cinerea are wellknown pathogens in apples during postharvest. So, to protect apples from these pathogens, chemical control methods were exercised. Introduction: The main objective of this work was to study the chemical composition and the in-vitro and in-vivo antifungal properties of essential oil and hydrosol extract of Marrubium vulgare. Methods: In this work, the air-dried aerial parts of Marrubium vulgare were hydrodistilled in a Clevengertype apparatus. The essential oil and hydrosol extract isolated were analyzed using Gas Chromatography (GC) and Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). The in-vitro antifungal activity of the both extracts was investigated against Botrytis cinerea, Penicillium expansum and Alternaria alternata fungi using radial growth technique. The effect of the essential oil and hydrosol extract on disease development of apple caused by Penicillium expansum in the in-vivo conditions was assessed. Results: The essential oil of Marrubium vulgare was characterized principally by E-β-caryophyllene (23.5%), E-β-farnesene (21%), α-humulene (14.8%), β-bisabolene (11.1%), caryophyllene oxide (6.8%) and phytol (3.1%). While, the methyl-eugenol (65.5%), α-Bisabolol (12.5%), linalool (6.5%) and caryophyllene oxide (6.2%) were the major compounds of hydrosol extract. The result of in-vitro antifungal activity of hydrosol extract showed an interesting antifungal inhibition against Botrytis cinerea, Penicillium expansum and Alternaria alternata with percentage inhibition ranging from 77% to 89% at low concentration of 0.15 mL/L. The essential oil was found to inhibit the growth of Penicillium expansum in a dose-dependent manner, with a percentage inhibition of 100% at 30 mL/L. Furthermore, essential oil and hydrosol extract have demonstrated promising in-vivo antifungal activity to control infection of apples by Penicillium expansum up to 25th day of storage, compared with the control. Conclusion: The preventive and protective effects of essential oil and hydrosol extract could be exploited as an ideal alternative to synthetic fungicides for using the protection of stored apples from fungal phytopathogens.

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1-Phenyl-3-toluyl-4- [ortho-1?-(N-ethyl-2?-methylpropylamine)]phenylpyrazole, Synthesis and Evaluation of the in vitro Antifungal Activity Against Botrytis cinerea and Fusarium oxysporum.

ChemInform ◽

10.1002/chin.200502108 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 36 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Zainaba Dardari ◽

Mohammed Boudouma ◽

Abdelfatah Sebban ◽

Abdelmejid Bahloul ◽

Said Kitane ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antifungal Activity ◽

Fusarium Oxysporum ◽

Botrytis Cinerea ◽

In Vitro Antifungal Activity

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Variability and Pathogenicity in Bangladeshi Isolates of Botrytis cinerea Causing Botrytis Gray Mold in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

Plant Pathology Journal ◽

10.3923/ppj.2010.129.134 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 129-134

Author(s):

M.I. Hosen ◽

A.U. Ahmed ◽

M.R. Islam

Keyword(s):

Botrytis Cinerea ◽

Cicer Arietinum ◽

Gray Mold ◽

Cicer Arietinum L

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Potencial de extratos etanólicos de propólis e extratos aquosos de plantas espontâneas no controle de doenças pós-colheita do morango

Revista Verde de Agroecologia e Desenvolvimento Sustentável ◽

10.18378/rvads.v11i5.4175 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 57

Author(s):

Gabriela Silva Moura ◽

Jonas Marcelo Jaski ◽

Gilmar Franzener

Keyword(s):

Antifungal Activity ◽

Botrytis Cinerea ◽

Gray Mold ◽

Alternative Methods ◽

Wild Plants ◽

Rhizopus Nigricans ◽

Post Harvest ◽

Control Water

A cultura do morangueiro é severamente acometida por várias doenças, dentre elas o mofo cinzento, causado por Botrytis cinerea é considerada a doença mais severa na pós-colheita. Visando reduzir o uso de fungicidas sintéticos, vem sendo realizadas pesquisas propondo a utilização de métodos alternativos de controle de patógenos pós-colheita envolvendo a utilização de extratos vegetais, uso de biofungicidas e óleos essenciais. Assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o potencial de diferentes extratos de própolis e plantas espontâneas no controle de podridão pós-colheita causada pelo fungo B. cinerea em morangos. Para avaliar a atividade antifúngica direta dos extratos etanólico de própolis e extratos aquosos de plantas espontâneas sobre B. cinerea, foi realizado o experimento in vitro, utilizando-se os tratamentos própolis verde 0,5%; própolis verde 2,5%; própolis marrom 0,5%; própolis marrom 2,5%; língua-de-vaca 10%; assa-peixe 10%; rubim 10%; tansagem 10%; testemunha (água). As medições do diâmetro das colônias foram iniciadas 48, 72 e 96 horas após a instalação do experimento. No experimento in vivo os frutos foram imersos nos tratamentos descritos acima. Após cinco dias avaliou-se a incidência e severidade da doença mofo cinzento e das doenças pós-colheita como antracnose e podridão de Rhizopus que apareceram no experimento. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado (DIC) com quatro e cinco repetições para o ensaio in vitro e in vivo, respectivamente. Os resultados mostram que os extratos etanólicos de própolis verde e marrom a 2,5% apresentaram in vitro e in vivo atividade antifúngica a B. cinerea e Rhizopus nigricans, respectivamente.Potential of propolis extracts and extracts etanol spontaneous plants aqueous in control of diseases of strawberry post-harvestAbstract: The strawberry crop is severely affected by various diseases, including gray mold, caused by Botrytis cinerea is considered the most severe disease in post-harvest fruit. To reduce the use of synthetic fungicides, has been carried out research proposing the use of alternative methods of control postharvest pathogens involving the use of plant extracts, use of biofungicides, essential oils among others. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the potential of different propolis extracts and wild plants in the control of post-harvest rot caused by the fungus Botrytis cinerea in strawberries. To evaluate the direct antifungal activity of ethanolic extracts of propolis and aqueous extracts of wild plants of B. cinerea, the in vitro experiment was performed, using treatments propolis 0.5%; propolis 2.5%; brown propolis 0.5%; brown propolis 2.5%; control (water + alcohol 2%); cow tongue 10%; assa-fish 10%; rubim 10%; tansagem 10%; control (water). Measurements of the diameter of the colonies were started 48, 72 and 96 hours after installation of the experiment. Conducted the in vivo experiment in which the fruits of strawberry plants were immersed in the treatments described above. After five days we evaluated the incidence and severity of gray mold disease and post-harvest diseases such as anthracnose and Rhizopus rot appearing in the experiment. We used a completely randomized design (CRD) with four and five replicates for the in vitro assay and in vivo, respectively. The results show that ethanol extracts of green and brown propolis 2.5% presented in vitro and in vivo antifungal activity to B. cinerea and Rhizopus nigricans respectively.

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