Do the Key Sectors Depend on Changing the Income Level of Countries?

This study aims to identify key sectors in countries showing any class change in level of income and to examine whether there is any relationship between sectors and income classes. Another aim of the study is to identify emerging and disappearing sectors in key sectors during periods when countries’ income levels change. In this context, four basic income classes published by the World Bank are examined for 43 countries but class change was identified only in 12 countries between 2000-2014. A statistical difference was determined between the sectors in the classes at Low and Low Middle levels and Upper Middle and High) classes. Among these countries discussed in the 15-year period with 56 sectors examined, some sectors showed feature of being common key sectors, some tendency to be a key sector in recent years and some sectors have lost their key feature before or after the direct income class changes.

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Is there an empirical environmental Kuznets curve relationship between mismanaged plastic waste per capita and income per capita? A caveat

10.7287/peerj.preprints.27883 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Takuro Uehara ◽

Mateo Cordier

Keyword(s):

World Bank ◽

Environmental Kuznets Curve ◽

Income Level ◽

Plastic Waste ◽

Kuznets Curve ◽

Income Per Capita ◽

The World Bank ◽

The World ◽

Per Capita ◽

Scientific Validation

A study by Barnes (2019) concluded that there exists an empirical environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) relationship between mismanaged plastic waste per capita and income per capita. However, this result needs careful interpretation. The study adopted data that used the World Bank database to compute mismanaged plastic waste amounts. Because data to compute them were not available for all countries, missing data were estimated by relating them to economic classification (i.e., income level). In other words, the data used for the analysis by Barnes simply assumed—without scientific validation—that mismanaged plastic waste amounts are related to economic classification (i.e., income level).

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Is there an empirical environmental Kuznets curve relationship between mismanaged plastic waste per capita and income per capita? A caveat

10.7287/peerj.preprints.27883v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Takuro Uehara ◽

Mateo Cordier

Keyword(s):

World Bank ◽

Environmental Kuznets Curve ◽

Income Level ◽

Plastic Waste ◽

Kuznets Curve ◽

Income Per Capita ◽

The World Bank ◽

The World ◽

Per Capita ◽

Scientific Validation

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Quitline Information Included on Cigarette Packaging: An Assessment of Country Adherence to WHO FCTC Guidelines, 2007 to 2018

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph182212193 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (22) ◽

pp. 12193

Author(s):

Christopher M. Seitz ◽

Kenneth D. Ward ◽

Zubair Kabir

Keyword(s):

Global Health ◽

Tobacco Control ◽

World Bank ◽

Income Level ◽

High Income ◽

World Health ◽

Health Warnings ◽

Middle Income ◽

The World Bank ◽

The World

The purpose of this study is to evaluate country adherence to the World Health Organization’s (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) guidelines in terms of including quitline information on cigarette packaging. Data were gathered from the WHO’s Global Health Observatory database. The study included countries that were signatories to the FCTC, had a toll-free quitline, and required health warnings on cigarette packaging. Countries were then classified by income level according to the World Bank. From 2007 to 2018, the number of countries that established a quitline increased from 34 to 60. During the same timeframe among those countries, the number of countries that included information about the quitline on cigarette packaging increased from 5 to 37, with a larger proportion (79%) of high-income countries promoting their quitlines on cigarette packaging compared to middle-income (45%) countries. Although there was an increase in adherence to the WHO FCTC guidelines, there is still a need for several countries to include quitline information on cigarette packaging.

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THE WORLD BANK SPENCE COMMISSION REPORT AND THE TRINITY GROWTH THEORY

The Singapore Economic Review ◽

10.1142/s0217590810003602 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 55 (01) ◽

pp. 49-58

Author(s):

CHONG YAH LIM

Keyword(s):

World Bank ◽

Growth Rates ◽

Slow Growth ◽

Growth Theory ◽

Income Levels ◽

The World Bank ◽

The World ◽

Commission Report ◽

The Trinity

This paper compares Michael Spence's Growth Theory with Professor Lim Chong Yah's Trinity Growth Theory. The similarities and the differences in the two approaches are brought out in explaining the superlative growth rates of economies in the world. The writer maintains that the Trinity Growth Theory also explains why growth levels (income levels) differ, and why growth rates of mature as well as very poor economies display slow growth rates, and not superlative growth rates. The two theories are multi-causal and multidimensional, not uni-causal.

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Capitalism and poverty. Automation signals the final stage of capitalism. Basic income for a peaceful transition to post-capitalism

Estudios Críticos del Desarrollo ◽

10.35533/ecd.0305.jb ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 3 (5) ◽

pp. 9-25

Author(s):

Julio Boltvinik ◽

Keyword(s):

Economic Theory ◽

World Bank ◽

Final Stage ◽

Main Mechanism ◽

Global Poverty ◽

Basic Income ◽

The World Bank ◽

The World ◽

History Of

This article provides an impressionistic history of recent capitalism by describing its intrinsic tendencies to produce poverty and crises. It argues that the automation revolution and globalization are generalizing and globalizing poverty, especially since neoliberalism replaced Keynesianism. This picture is contradicted by the poverty statistics of the World Bank, but when these are examined carefully it is shown that the decrease in global poverty that they show is false. An examination of Marxist and mainstream theories of capitalist crises shows both that financiarization has become the main mechanism to keep afloat financial monopoly capitalism, and that conventional economic theory is impotent to deal with the current crises. Total automation is bringing to an end the wage-based society, which is incompatible with generalized automation. This in turn opens up the possibility of human emancipation from «forced», alienated work. Finally, Universal Citizen Income is regarded as an alternative that solves the aforementioned contradiction by saving and radically transforming capitalism.

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Trade and the Diffusion of the Industrial Revolution

American Economic Journal Macroeconomics ◽

10.1257/mac.1.1.1 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 1-25 ◽

Cited By ~ 69

Author(s):

Robert E Lucas

Keyword(s):

Gross Domestic Product ◽

World Bank ◽

World Economy ◽

Industrial Revolution ◽

Open Economies ◽

Transition Dynamics ◽

Income Levels ◽

The World Bank ◽

Employment Share ◽

The World

This paper proposes a model to describe the evolution of real gross domestic product (GDP) in the world economy that is intended to apply to all open economies. The parameters of the model are calibrated using evidence from Sachs and Warner on economies classed as open, from Parente and Prescott on economies that have successfully begun to develop, and from Kuznets and the World Bank on the employment share of agriculture in various times and places. The theory predicts convergence of the income levels and growth rates in the open economies and has strong but reasonable implications for transition dynamics. (JEL F41, O33, O47)

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