Applications of Surfactants and Nanoparticles in Enhanced Oil Recovery Processes

The surfactant injection is considered as the EOR (Enhanced Oil Recovery) with the highest potential to recover oil from reservoirs due to its ability to reduce interfacial forces into the porous medium. However, the adsorption of this type of chemical on the surface of rocks is the main problem when a surfactant injection project is applied since the surfactant molecules would rather be placed on rock minerals instead of being the oil–water interface. Based on this fact, this chapter would be discussed the significance of surfactant injection as an EOR method, the types of surfactants used, the main mechanism and parameters involved in the surfactant adsorption on the rock, and its consequences in oil recovery. Likewise, the addition of nanoparticles to inhibit the adsorption of surfactants is another topic that will be covered as a novel technology to improve the efficiency of the EOR process.

Experimental Study on Fracturing Fracture Deformation Mechanism of Shale Reservoir

After large-scale sand fracturing of horizontal wells in shale gas reservoir, fracturing fractures will deform in the production process. However, fracture deformation will lead to the decrease in fracture conductivity and then cause the decrease of gas well productivity. Therefore, in order to evaluate the fracturing fracture deformation mechanism of shale reservoirs, the shale proppant-supported fracture deformation evaluation experiments were carried out under different proppant types, particle sizes, sanding concentrations, and closure pressure conditions, respectively, and the variation curves of fracture width was calculated by a stereomicroscope under different experimental conditions. Then based on the experimental results, the fracture sensitivity factors and fracture deformation mechanism were analyzed, and the deformation mechanisms of fracturing fractures affected by proppant embedding and crushing were studied emphatically. The analysis results of fracture sensitivity factors indicate that the larger the particle size and hardness of proppant, the lower the sand concentration, proppant embedded on the shale rock surface. Moreover, the deeper the proppant is embedded, the faster the fracture conductivity decreases. In addition, the greater the closure pressure, the more serious is the proppant embedment, and the faster the fracture width decreases. The analysis results of fracture deformation mechanism show that, on the on hand, under variable closure pressure, the proppant with larger hardness and larger particle size is used for fracturing, and the proppant embedded in the fracture surface is the main cause of fracture deformation. However, if only the sand concentration of the proppant in the fracture is changed, the fracture deformation is jointly dominated by the embedding and crushing of the proppant. On the other hand, under constant closure pressure, the main mechanism of fracture deformation is that the proppant is embedded into the fracture surface when the closure pressure is low, but if the closure pressure is high, the main mechanism of fracture deformation is the crushing and compaction of proppant.

Aoristic Drift and Narrative Perfect in Early Modern English

In the current study, data from A Corpus of English Dialogues (1560-1760) are used to consider contexts with the have-perfect and temporal adverbs of the definite past time such as yesterday, last night, ago. Data analysis is conducted within the framework of a usage-based approach, which gives evidence to the hypothesis that in Early Modern English the have-perfect in spoken register was gradually developing perfective semantics and that it followed the stages of generalization of meaning depending on the degree of event remoteness. Investigation of the instances where the have-perfect is used in narrative passages shows that the have-perfect in such contexts does not lose its pragmatic component of current relevance but is employed to highlight a crucial event out of a chain of past events. The paper proposes the hypothesis that the main mechanism preventing the have-perfect from further aoristicization is the operation of syntactic analogy within the syntactic paradigm of the present perfect, which had already fully developed by the time of Early Modern English.

Atomistic Simulation of Microstructural Evolution of Ni50.8Ti Wires during Torsion Deformation

To explore the microstructural evolution of Ni50.8Ti wires during torsion deformation, single and polycrystalline models with various grain sizes (d = 9 nm, 5.6 nm, and 3.4 nm) were established on an atomic scale to explore their grain morphology evolution, stress-induced martensitic transformation, and dislocation movement. The results indicated that the grains were rotated and elongated to form long strips of grains during the torsion simulation. With the increase in torsion deformation, the elongated grains were further split, forming smaller grains. Stress-induced martensitic transformation took place and the martensite preferentially nucleated near the grain boundary, resulting in the formation of 30% austenites and 50% martensites. Additionally, a certain number of dislocations were generated during the torsion simulation. Under a low degree of torsion deformation, the main mechanism of plastic deformation was dislocation movement, while with a large degree of torsion deformation, the main mechanism of plastic deformation was grain rotation.

Genetic, environmental and microbiological causes of periodontal diseases

Periodontal disease is a term that can be used to describe different oral conditions that occur to the gingiva, in addition to the bones and ligaments supporting the teeth. Periodontal diseases can develop secondary to inflammatory, developmental, genetic, traumatic, neoplastic, and metabolic disorders. In the present literature review, we aim to discuss the different genetic, environmental, and microbiological causes of periodontal diseases based on evidence from the current studies in the literature. Evidence regarding genetics is still not adequate, and further research is still needed to understand the main mechanism of this etiology furtherly. Different diseases and habitual factors can contribute periodontal diseases, mainly due to increased inflammation-induced pathological events. Further attention should be directed to preventing these events to intervene against the development of periodontal diseases adequately. Early interventions against these diseases can attribute to enhance the health and prognosis of the affected patients significantly. Microbiological causes are also important and usually develop mainly as a result of poor hygiene. Therefore, further interventional research should be directed towards raising awareness among individuals to reduce the incidence of the condition.

Features of heating of a porous medium containing a liquid by an acoustic field

A mathematical model of the problem of heating a porous medium containing a liquid by an acoustic field is presented. Assuming that the main mechanism that converts the energy of the wave field in a porous medium into heat is the force of viscous friction between the saturating liquid and the skeleton, the function of a volumetric heat source for the process of heating a porous medium using an acoustic field is constructed. The dependences of the power of a heat source on the parameters of the wave field and the parameters determining the state of a porous medium are analyzed.

The Dialogical Form of Philosophical Practice: Structuring the Discursive Flow in Socratic Dialogue

"Based on the transcript of a fragment from a philosophical practice session carried by Oscar Brenifier, I flesh out several aspects of this dialogical form of philosophical practice. First, it is a form of interaction grounded in the interlocutors’ interaffection. Second, the main mechanism of carrying through the dialogic interaction is the practitioner’s repeating the other’s words, writing them down, and then questioning them, thus extracting them from the other’s discursive flow and making them shared objects for an intersubjective gaze. Third, this form of dialogue is asymmetrical: while the other is providing the “content”, the practitioner is responsible for explicating it. Keywords: Socratic Dialogue; Philosophical Practice; Dis-cursive Flow; Discourse Analysis; Intersubjectiv-ity "

Homeostatic approach in pedagogy

Статья рассматривает возможность использования общенаучного гомеостатического подхода к решению проблемы оптимизации управления в социальных системах, к которым принадлежит и образование. Гомеостатика, как кибернетическая наука, отвечает на вопросы: чем можно и нужно управлять, имея дело с самоорганизующимися системами; как выбирать оптимальное направление развития из возможного разнообразия; когда можно «отпустить» саморазвивающиеся процессы на «самотек». То есть, гомеостатика является не только теоретической, но и прикладной наукой. Автор считает, что перспективным является применение гомеостатического подхода при проектировании образовательной среды. Такая образовательная среда может приобрести свойства вариативности и адаптивности, стать развивающей и развивающейся, доступной и здоровьесберегающей – решающей основное противоречие образовательного процесса: между характером управления учебой ребенка со стороны системы обучения и характером ее непроизвольной саморегуляции со стороны организма. Это ключевое противоречие, превращаясь в противоположность, выступает основным механизмом дидактогенного ухудшения здоровья школьников. Сформулированы принципы проектирования образовательной среды на основе гомеостатики. The article considers the possibility of using a general scientific homeostatic approach to solving the problem of optimizing management in social systems, to which education belongs. Homeostatics, as a cybernetic science, answers the questions: what can and should be managed when dealing with self-organizing systems; how to choose the optimal direction of development from a possible variety; when it is possible to "let go" of self-developing processes to "take their course". That is, homeostatics is not only a theoretical, but also an applied science. The author believes that the application of the homeostatic approach in the design of the educational environment is promising. Such an educational environment can acquire the properties of variability and adaptability, become developing and developing, accessible and health-saving - solving the main contradiction of the educational process: between the nature of the child's learning management by the learning system and the nature of its involuntary self-regulation by the body. This key contradiction, turning into the opposite, acts as the main mechanism of didactogenic deterioration of the health of schoolchildren. The principles of designing an educational environment based on homeostatics are formulated.

Partial agonists of dopamine receptors: receptor theory and the dopamine hypothesis of psychosis

SUMMARY This article discusses dopamine partial agonism, which is the main mechanism of action of the psychiatric drugs aripiprazole, brexpiprazole and cariprazine. It outlines the principles of receptor theory and the structure of dopamine receptors; characterises agonists, antagonists and partial agonists; and summarises the dopamine hypothesis of psychosis and the role of dopamine and serotonin in depression.

Radiation Hardness of Silicon Carbide upon High-Temperature Electron and Proton Irradiation

The radiation hardness of silicon carbide with respect to electron and proton irradiation and its dependence on the irradiation temperature are analyzed. It is shown that the main mechanism of SiC compensation is the formation of deep acceptor levels. With increasing the irradiation temperature, the probability of the formation of these centers decreases, and they are partly annealed out. As a result, the carrier removal rate in SiC becomes ~6 orders of magnitude lower in the case of irradiation at 500 °C. Once again, this proves that silicon carbide is promising as a material for high-temperature electronics devices.