Economic Accessibility of Food: a Regional Aspect

The general level of socio-economic development and the quality of life depend on the economic availability of food, i.e. the ability of the local population to buy products recommended by the Ministry of Health. Each family has the right to afford quality food for all household members. The local economic availability of food depends, first of all, on the income per capita in a particular region. The present research assessed the economic availability of food in the Republic of Buryatia using such indicators as food supplies, cash income per capita, household budget structure, and self-sufficiency in basic foodstuffs. The results were compared with the food situation in other regions of the Far Eastern Federal District and the average Russian data.

PEMODELAN DETERMINASI INDEKS PEMBANGUNAN MANUSIA DENGAN METODE MWD (MACKINNON, WHITE AND DAVIDSON) TEST

Abstrak Tujuan paper ini ingin menunjukkan pemodelan determinasi indeks pembangunan manusia dengan menggunakan MWD test. Pada penelitian ini menggunakan komponen tingkat pengangguran, pendapatan per kapita dan pengeluaran pemerintah. Dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode MWD atau uji Mackinnon, White and Davidson (MWD) untuk menentukan pemodelan determinasi indeks pembangunan manusia. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pendapata per kapita mempengaruhi indeks pembangunan manusia secara signifikan. Hal ini ditunjukkan hasil dari estimasi output persamaan regresi linier yang sudah dibersihkan dari masalah autokorelasi dan heteroskedastisitas bahwa probabilitas pendapatan perkapita < 0,05. Tingkat pengangguran dan pengeluaran pemerintah tidak memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap indeks pembangunan manusia. Pemodelan terbaik yang digunakan dari metode MWD (Mackinnin, White and Davidson) test adalah model linier. Kata Kunci: ipm, pendapatan per kapita, MWD test. Abstract The purpose of this paper is to show the modeling of the determination of the human development index using the MWD test. This study uses the components of the unemployment rate, per capita income and government. In this study using the MWD method or the Mackinnon, White and Davidson (MWD) test to determine the modeling of the determination of the human development index. The results of this study indicate that income per capita affects the human development index significantly. This is indicated by the results of the estimated output of the linear regression equation that has been cleaned of autocorrelation and heteroscedasticity problems that the probability of income per capita is < 0.05. The unemployment rate and government spending do not have a significant effect on the human development index. The best modeling used from the MWD (Mackinnin, White and Davidson) test method is a linear model. Keywords: HDI, income per capita, MWD test.

Factors Affecting Agroindustry Development Etawa (PE) Breeding Goat Milk in Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta

The demand for animal food product in Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (DIY), the Special Region in Java, over the last ten years has shown a significant increase. This is in line with the increase in the population of DIY and also the increase in the income per capita of the people in DIY in meeting the adequacy of food sources of higher quality protein. One of the requests for animal food products other than meat is milk. The milk that is currently starting to develop apart from cow's milk is goat's milk, especially the type of goat's milk from Etawa Crossbreed (PE). This paper is the result of a research that aimed at analyzing the factors that influence the development of PE goat milk business in DIY, viewed from the supply and demand side. The analytical method used is descriptive with a simultaneous equation modeling approach. The results showed that simultaneously the variables of the population of PE goats, the amount of milk production of PE goats, the amount of milk production of PE goats in the year prior had an effect on the supply side. Meanwhile, on the demand side, simultaneously, the factors that influence the demand for PE goat milk are the population of DIY, income per capita, the price of PE goat milk and consumption of PE goat milk in the year prior. The study on the development of PE goat's milk business was carried out with a simple descriptive analysis showing that in the future the demand for PE goat's milk will increase, it is necessary to make efforts to strengthen the potential of PE goat's milk in DIY, especially in terms of milk products processing business and their derivative products. It is hoped that in the future PE goat's milk can play more role as a substitute product for cow's milk in DIY.

The Effect of Zakat, Poverty, Unemployment, and Per Capita Income on HDI Through Economic Growth As Intervening Variables in Central Java Period 2017-2020

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of zakat, poverty, unemployment, and income per capita on the human development index in Central Java with economic growth as an intervening variable. This research is a quantitative research with secondary data taken from the Central Java Baznas and the BPS website. The data used is panel data, which is a combination of time series data from 2017-2020 and cross section data of 35 districts/cities. The population of this study is in districts/cities in Central Java with saturated sampling. The analysis tool uses eviews 9.0 with regression analysis selected fixed effect model. The results showed that zakat and poverty had a significant effect on HDI, while unemployment and income per capita had no significant effect on HDI. Then zakat and poverty have a significant effect on economic growth, while unemployment and per capita income do not have a significant effect on economic growth. But economic growth has a significant effect on HDI. Then, simultaneously the variables of zakat, poverty, unemployment, and income per capita have no effect on HDI with economic growth as moderating.

The Indonesian Macroeconomics Perspective: Halal Industry Sector be enhancing the Growth of Income per Capita

The purpose of writing this article is to examine the macroeconomic perspective of the halal industry sector on per capita income in Indonesia. The method used is qualitatively descriptive through the study of literature and literature. The halal industry sector in Indonesia has contributed to GDP based on the field sector. High GDP values support high per capita income through income distribution. There are several sub-sectors of the halal industry that contribute to the Indonesian economy. Recommended to the Indonesian government through the ministries of trade, MSMEs and Cooperatives to continue to support the acceleration of improvement in the realization of halal brands.

Financial instruments used by Polish municipalities in response to the first wave of COVID-19

Studies on the influence of COVID-19 on municipalities are scarce, although it was precisely municipalities that stood in the first line of combat. It is important to estimate the negative budgetary consequences of the crisis for municipalities and to detect potential patterns in the application of their anti-crisis financial instruments. Our study reveals that the initial response of Polish municipalities to the pandemic crisis in this area varied depending on their administrative type, the amount of current income per capita and the population size. However, the correlations between the applied income instruments and expenditures and the above factors were rather weak.

Analysis of Capital Income, Inflation, and Effects Savings on Community Consumption in Ternate City, North Molucas

This examination was led to gauge the factors that impact individuals' utilization design in Ternate City by utilizing the macroeconomic idea of the monetary factors to be contemplated, specifically pay per capita, swelling, and reserve funds. The populace and test in this investigation were individuals of Template City. The insightful strategy used to test theories is different relapse examination. In light of the consequences of examination on the impact of pay on pay. Expansion and reserve funds on society utilization in the city of Template from 2009 to 2018 by utilizing a various relapse model can be closed as follows. The Income Per Capita Variable has a huge beneficial outcome on the Community Consumption of Template City; the Inflation variable has a positive and unimportant impact on the Community Consumption of Tomato City. The investment funds variable has a negative and unimportant impact on local area utilization in the City of Template. The factors of per capita pay, expansion, and Savings together have a huge beneficial outcome on Community Consumption in Ternate City.

Applying livestock thresholds to examine poverty in Karamoja

In pastoralist and agro-pastoralist areas, wealth and poverty are closely aligned to levels of livestock ownership and social inclusion. Whereas cash income per capita is a useful measure of poverty in non-pastoralist areas, measures of livestock ownership per capita are needed to understand poverty in pastoralist systems. This study estimated a livestock threshold for agro-pastoralist households in Karamoja, being the minimum per capita ownership of livestock needed to sustain a predominantly agro-pastoral livelihood. The study then applied the livestock threshold to pre-existing livestock population data to estimate the proportions of households above and below the threshold. Using an estimated livestock threshold of 3.3 Tropical Livestock Units (TLU)/capita for agro-pastoralism, 56.5% of households in Karamoja’s main livestock-keeping districts were below the threshold and could be categorized as livestock-poor. The ownership of livestock was skewed in two main ways. First, there was a high-end skew with the wealthiest 30% of households owning 69.3% of all livestock in terms of TLU. Second, there was a low-end skew. Among poorer households, below the 3.3 TLU/capita livestock threshold, livestock ownership was skewed away from the threshold. Forty-seven per cent of these households owned only 1.2 TLU/capita or less; 13% of households owned no livestock at all. These findings are discussed, with programming and policy recommendations.

Economic Growth and Quality Adjusted Human Capital Equation: Moderating Role of Social Capabilities in Africa

The role of human capital on economic growth across countries has over time garnered lots of discussion in economic literature. This is fundamental, given that the actual determinant of the difference in income per capita across countries or why some countries are growing faster than other countries has remained an unresolved issue. This study provides a different insight into the nexus between human capital and economic growth by accounting for the role of social capabilities in a panel framework. Specifically, the study covers 40 African countries between 1998-2019, where the General Method of Moment (GMM) was employed to estimate the model. Specifically, it was discovered that without improved legal institutions and better economic opportunities, human capital impact on the growth of income per capita across countries is insignificant though positive. The study concludes that the effectiveness of knowledge accumulation and adoption of technology in a country is hinged on the availability of an enhanced legal, social, and economic environment.

Economic Growth and Quality Adjusted Human Capital Equation: Moderating Role of Social Capabilities in Africa

The role of human capital on economic growth across countries has over time garnered lots of discussion in economic literature. This is fundamental, given that the actual determinant of the difference in income per capita across countries or why some countries are growing faster than other countries has remained an unresolved issue. This study provides a different insight into the nexus between human capital and economic growth by accounting for the role of social capabilities in a panel framework. Specifically, the study covers 40 African countries between 1998-2019, where the General Method of Moment (GMM) was employed to estimate the model. Specifically, it was discovered that without improved legal institutions and better economic opportunities, human capital impact on the growth of income per capita across countries is insignificant though positive. The study concludes that the effectiveness of knowledge accumulation and adoption of technology in a country is hinged on the availability of an enhanced legal, social, and economic environment.