scholarly journals The Spatial Cognitive Meaning of Across

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Cui Huang
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Process ◽  
Spatial Relation ◽  
Spatial Relations ◽  
Cognitive Grammar ◽  
Objective World ◽  
Dynamic Relation ◽  
Spatial Terms ◽  
Cognitive Meaning

Spatial relation is a basic existent relation in the objective world, and in English, prepositions are the important spatial terms to describe spatial relations people perceive. Using Langacker’s trajector-landmark theory from cognitive grammar, this paper attempts to analyze the cognitive process of the six main spatial meaning of English preposition across based on the entries collected by the Collins Dictionary, with data from the the Leeds Collection of Internet Corpora. The findings can be concluded: (1) The use of across should include at least a tr and a lm, and the lm cannot be covert. (2) The spatial relations across contains could be divided into simple atemporal relation and complex atemporal relation. (3) The tr in some dynamic relation of across sometimes will represent some kind of schema, such as source-path-goal schema.

scholarly journals The Many Ways to Find the “Right” and the “Left”: On dynamic projection models in the encoding of spatial relations

2012 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiana Nikitina
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Representation ◽  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Spatial Relation ◽  
Spatial Relations ◽  
Dynamic Relation ◽  
Dynamic Expression ◽  
Spatial Expressions ◽  
The Many ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right

<p>Since early work by Talmy (1975, 1985), linguistic representation of space has been at the center of research in lexical typology, cognitive linguistics, and psycholinguistics (see, inter alia, the various approaches represented in Slobin (2000), Levinson (2003), Beavers et al. (2010)). Some of the central aspects of spatial representation, however, have remained largely understudied. Particularly poorly understood is the distinction between dynamic and static spatial expressions and the ways that distinction is drawn by speakers of different languages. On the one hand, speakers often choose not to encode a dynamic relation explicitly, even though they have at their disposal a specialized means for unambiguous encoding of a goal or a source of motion (Nikitina 2008, Tutton 2009 for English). On the other hand, speakers sometimes choose to encode a static relation by means of a specialized dynamic expression, even in the absence of any perceivable motion. This paper focuses on the latter aspect of the problem: the use of dynamic expressions for the encoding of static locations. Such use is especially common with expressions encoding a spatial relation for which no specialized adposition exists, including expressions for “right” and “left”.</p>

scholarly journals Goal, source, and route preverbs in Latin: their interaction with spatial datives

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Víctor Acedo-Matellán
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Relation ◽  
Spatial Relations ◽  
Syntactic Analysis ◽  
Dative Case ◽  
Configurational Theory

Abstract Prefixed verbs in Latin may take an argument in the dative case, interpreted as the ground of the spatial relation codified by the preverb. This phenomenon is constrained by the semantics of that spatial relation: while preverbs encoding a location, a goal, or a source of motion generally accept the dative argument, preverbs encoding a route do not. I propose a syntactic analysis of this phenomenon, framed within the Spanning framework. I assume an analysis of the spatial dative as an applied argument interpreted as a possessor of the final location of motion. Developing a configurational theory of spatial relations, I show how only the syntax-semantics of the preverbs interpreted as encoding a location, be this final (a goal), initial (a source), or unrelated to motion (a static location), is compatible with the projection of an Appl(icative)P integrating the dative argument. By the same token, pure route preverbs, involving a path but not a location, are correctly predicted to disallow the projection of ApplP, and hence the spatial dative.

scholarly journals EXPRESSION AND ORGANIZATION OF GEOGRAPHIC SPATIAL RELATIONS BASED ON TOPIC MAPS

2017 ◽  
Vol XLII-2/W7 ◽  
pp. 1257-1261
Author(s):  
H. J. Liang ◽  
H. Wang ◽  
T. J. Cui ◽  
J. F. Guo
Keyword(s):  
Information Science ◽  
Spatial Database ◽  
Spatial Relation ◽  
Spatial Relations ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Knowledge Network ◽  
Effective Management ◽  
Topic Maps ◽  
Complex Knowledge ◽  
Topic Map

Spatial Relation is one of the important components of Geographical Information Science and Spatial Database. There have been lots of researches on Spatial Relation and many different spatial relations have been proposed. The relationships among these spatial relations such as hierarchy and so on are complex and this brings some difficulties to the applications and teaching of these spatial relations. This paper summaries some common spatial relations, extracts the topic types, association types, resource types of these spatial relations using the technology of Topic Maps, and builds many different relationships among these spatial relations. Finally, this paper utilizes Java and Ontopia to build a topic map among these common spatial relations, forms a complex knowledge network of spatial relations, and realizes the effective management and retrieval of spatial relations.

THE HUMAN SEMANTIC POTENTIAL: SPATIAL LANGUAGE AND CONSTRAINED CONNECTIONISM.Terry Regier. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996. Pp. xvi + 220. $37.50 paper.

1997 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 517-518
Author(s):  
Barbara Abbott
Keyword(s):  
Mutual Exclusion ◽  
Spatial Relations ◽  
Spatial Language ◽  
Connectionist Model ◽  
Structural Constraints ◽  
System Function ◽  
Negative Evidence ◽  
Connectionist Network ◽  
Closed Class ◽  
Spatial Terms

The semantic potential referred to in the title of this book is the ability of humans to learn the (closed-class) terms for basic spatial relations, such as (for English) onto, above, and through. Regier presents a modified connectionist model of this ability designed to address three questions: (a) What kind of system can learn spatial terms? (b) How can this system function without negative evidence? and (c) What are the universal constraints on learnable spatial terms? The answers suggested to these questions are: (a) a modified connectionist network—one which incorporates structural constraints motivated by human physiology; (b) the assumption of mutual exclusion, that is, that different terms have mutually exclusive denotations; and (c) the structural constraints that are incorporated into the network.

Fuzzy Three-Dimensional Voronoi Diagram and its Application to Geographical Data Analysis

2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-198
Author(s):  
Mian Dai ◽  
◽  
Fangyan Dong ◽  
Kaoru Hirota
Keyword(s):  
Voronoi Diagram ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Spatial Relation ◽  
Spatial Relations ◽  
Mountainous Area ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Spatial Direction ◽  
Geographical Data ◽  
Direction Relations ◽  
Complex Boundaries

A concept of fuzzy three-dimensional Voronoi Diagram is presented for spatial relations analysis of real world three-dimensional geographical data, where it is an extension of well known two-dimensional Voronoi Diagram to three-dimensional representation with uncertain spatial relation information in terms of fuzzy set. It makes possible to analyze quantitatively complex boundaries of geographically intricate areas, to give human friendly fuzzy explanation of determining three-dimensional directions, and to express uncertain spatial relations by precise unified fuzzy description. It is applied to decide spatial direction relations of artificial geographicalmountain data, which includes 8 spatial directions with at most 60 relative direction relations, and it leads to detect threedimensional directions whereas the expression of traditional 4 directions and 12 relative directions indicate two-dimensional directions only. The proposed concept aims to discriminate neighbors’ class relations and spatial-temporal changes of specially appointed objects, and also aims to be a tool to achieve the intellective extraction and analysis of geographical data of a mountainous area located in northeast China.

Spatial Terms

2019 ◽  
pp. 113-123
Author(s):  
Myrto Grigoroglou ◽  
Anna Papafragou
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Cognition ◽  
Spatial Relations ◽  
Spatial Language ◽  
Frames Of Reference ◽  
Dynamic Displacement ◽  
Spatial Coordinate ◽  
Semantic Domain ◽  
Space Motion ◽  
Spatial Configurations ◽  
Spatial Terms

Across the world’s languages, spatial terms are organized around a set of basic, non-linguistic spatial notions. Nevertheless, there is also considerable cross-linguistic variation in terms of both the kinds of linguistic devices used to express spatial relations and the way these devices carve up the semantic domain of space. This chapter reviews literature on spatial terms cross-linguistically, focusing on three main sub-divisions of the spatial domain: location (i.e. the static position of an object in space); motion (i.e. the dynamic displacement of an object in space); and Frames of Reference (FoR; i.e. abstract spatial-coordinate axes imposed on spatial configurations). The intricate relation between spatial language and non-linguistic spatial cognition is discussed throughout the chapter.

Hemispheric Processing of Categorical and Coordinate Spatial Relations in the Absence of Low Spatial Frequencies

2002 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matia Okubo ◽  
Chikashi Michimata
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Spatial Frequency ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Spatial Relation ◽  
Spatial Relations ◽  
Right Visual Field ◽  
Spatial Frequencies ◽  
Categorical Task ◽  
The Right ◽  
Coordinate Spatial Relations

Right-handed participants performed the categorical and coordinate spatial relation judgments on stimuli presented to either the left visual field—right hemisphere (LVF-RH) or the right visual field—left hemisphere (RVF-LH). The stimulus patterns were formulated either by bright dots or by contrast-balanced dots. When the stimuli were bright, an RVF-LH advantage was observed for the categorical task, whereas an LVF-RH advantage was observed for the coordinate task. When the stimuli were contrast balanced, the RVF-LH advantage was observed for the categorical task, but the LVF-RH advantage was eliminated for the coordinate task. Because the contrast-balanced dots are largely devoid of low spatial frequency content, these results suggest that processing of low spatial frequency is responsible for the right hemisphere advantage for the coordinate spatial processing.

Relationship Between Pictorial Interpretation and Comprehension of Three Spatial Relations in School-Age Children

1979 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 366-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elaine R. Silliman
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Knowledge ◽  
Spatial Relations ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
School Age ◽  
Object Knowledge ◽  
Pictorial Space ◽  
Perceptual Object ◽  
Pictorial Perception ◽  
Depth Cue ◽  
Spatial Terms

Effects on spatial term comprehension as the result of transformations in the stimulus dimensions of six pictures containing the same three figures were explored using Piaget’s concept of spatial perspective. A Modified Test of Pictorial Space (MTPS), adapted from Hudson’s (1960) studies on non-Western pictorial perception strategies, was administered to 200 children, aged 6 yrs 5 mos to 11 yrs 3 mos. The purpose of the investigation was to gather data on (1) pictorial interpretation as a function of variations in perceptual depth cue complexity and transformations in conceptual perspective and (2) order of acquisition in the comprehension of two sets of spatial terms referring to perceptual object knowledge and more advanced conceptual knowledge of object relations. Significant age and IQ, but not sex, interactions were found for MTPS performance. Data analyses also supported predicted orders of acquisition and indicated that transformation of conceptual perspective better differentiated among the age span than did either perceptual depth cue complexity or comprehension of spatial terms. Findings are discussed in terms of their methodological and substantive implications for constructing and interpreting pictorially-based language comprehension tasks.

The Role of High Spatial Frequencies in Hemispheric Processing of Categorical and Coordinate Spatial Relations

2004 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. 1576-1582 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matia Okubo ◽  
Chikashi Michimata
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Spatial Frequency ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
High Spatial Frequency ◽  
Spatial Relation ◽  
Spatial Relations ◽  
Right Visual Field ◽  
Spatial Frequencies ◽  
Low Pass ◽  
Categorical Task

Right-handed participants performed categorical and coordinate spatial relation tasks on stimuli presented either to the left visual field-right hemisphere (LVF-RH) or to the right visual field-left hemisphere (RVF-LH). The stimuli were either unfiltered or low-pass filtered (i.e., devoid of high spatial frequency content). Consistent with previous studies, the unfiltered condition produced a significant RVF-LH advantage for the categorical task and an LVF-RH advantage for the coordinate task. Low-pass filtering eliminated this Task × Visual Field interaction; thus, the RVF-LH advantage disappeared for the categorical task. The present results suggest that processing of high spatial frequency contributes to the left hemispheric advantage for categorical spatial processing.

Kinematic Simulation Using Qualitative Mechanism Models

1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jihong Liu ◽  
Masanori Igoshi ◽  
Eiji Arai
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Design ◽  
Spatial Relation ◽  
Spatial Relations ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Kinematic Simulation ◽  
Conceptual Design Stage ◽  
Support Tools ◽  
Mechanical Products ◽  
Structural Descriptions

Abstract When trying to use computers to aid designers at the conceptual design stage, it becomes clear that many traditional methods and support tools are incompetent because they mainly deal with sufficient and quantitative information. However, at the conceptual design stage, information is insufficient and mostly qualitative. The focus of this paper is on representing and reasoning about the geometry and motion of physical objects for mechanical conceptual design. A new concept, called qualitative spatial relation space (QSRS), is introduced to describe mechanisms of mechanical products by referring to the qualitative spatial relations between their components. A qualitative kinematic simulation system has been implemented to enable verification of functions of products at the conceptual design stage. The system derives motions of components caused by other components’ specified motions from the qualitative structural descriptions of products, and puts brief and comprehensible functional interpretations of products.

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