Spatialization of Time in the Entorhinal-Hippocampal System

The functional role of the entorhinal-hippocampal system has been a long withstanding mystery. One key theory that has become most popular is that the entorhinal-hippocampal system represents space to facilitate navigation in one’s surroundings. In this Perspective article, I introduce a novel idea that undermines the inherent uniqueness of spatial information in favor of time driving entorhinal-hippocampal activity. Specifically, by spatializing events that occur in succession (i.e., across time), the entorhinal-hippocampal system is critical for all types of cognitive representations. I back up this argument with empirical evidence that hints at a role for the entorhinal-hippocampal system in non-spatial representation, and computational models of the logarithmic compression of time in the brain.

THE FRONTER AND IT’S COMPONENTS IN HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF UKRAINE

The purpose of the article is to define the concept of the frontier and its components in the historical geography of Ukraine. The concept of FJ Turner's frontier was substantiated in the researches of Ukrainian historians M. Hrushevskyі, S. Rudnytsky, and J. Dashkevych. The source base of the study consists of scientific and cartographic works of historians and geographers. Several aspects of the spatial representation of the frontier are considered – directly in the name "Ukraine", which was identified with the peripheral land and as an integral part of the Ukrainian lands – the Black Sea, the Wild Field, Sloboda Ukraine. It is established that the concept of the frontier as a border or border strip can be considered in the context of the problems of historical geography, and the Ukrainian lands are at the intersection of different border contact zones. The frontier plays a significant role in shaping the ethnic composition of the population, as the contact zone of different ethnic groups is usually formed in such frontline or border areas. A peculiar phenomenon in the context of this concept is part of the Southern Ukrainian territory – Budjak. The opinion is substantiated that the majority of the Ukrainian territory is considered to be a zone of continuous historicalgeographical and chronological frontier.

Multiple-Timescale Representations of Space: Linking Memory to Navigation

When navigating through space, we must maintain a representation of our position in real time; when recalling a past episode, a memory can come back in a flash. Interestingly, the brain's spatial representation system, including the hippocampus, supports these two distinct timescale functions. How are neural representations of space used in the service of both real-world navigation and internal mnemonic processes? Recent progress has identified sequences of hippocampal place cells, evolving at multiple timescales in accordance with either navigational behaviors or internal oscillations, that underlie these functions. We review experimental findings on experience-dependent modulation of these sequential representations and consider how they link real-world navigation to time-compressed memories. We further discuss recent work suggesting the prevalence of these sequences beyond hippocampus and propose that these multiple-timescale mechanisms may represent a general algorithm for organizing cell assemblies, potentially unifying the dual roles of the spatial representation system in memory and navigation. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Neuroscience, Volume 45 is July 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

"that headquarters of fanaticism and disaffection": Protest and the construction of space at Parihaka in the 1880s

At the 2009 version of this symposium I presented a paper that outlined how protests at Waitangi during the 1980s were played out architecturally through the media. Despite the heavy focus on biculturalism during the 1980s, reporting of proceedings at Waitangi on February 6th each year clearly showed a trifurcation of space. Television networks and the national newspapers showed that the "landscape of nationhood" was in fact inhabited by three actors in the symbolically important rituals - the State, tame Māori, and wild Māori.This trifurcation of space also played out a hundred years earlier at Parihaka. Sue Abel's examinations of media constructions of nationhood and cultural interaction can be identified in reports on happenings at Parihaka pā through the 1880s. From the passive resistance to the Crown's persistent surveying of the land and building of roads, the frequent large hui held at Parihaka that drew Māori from around the country, through to the invasion of the pā by a government force of more than 1500 troops – there was rich material for spatial representation by the media of the time. While the channels were different (dominated by newspapers and Parliamentary reports, with no television networks), this paper shows that the message of trifurcation was as strong in the 1880s as it would be in the 1980s.