The Spatial Cognitive Meaning of Across

Spatial relation is a basic existent relation in the objective world, and in English, prepositions are the important spatial terms to describe spatial relations people perceive. Using Langacker’s trajector-landmark theory from cognitive grammar, this paper attempts to analyze the cognitive process of the six main spatial meaning of English preposition across based on the entries collected by the Collins Dictionary, with data from the the Leeds Collection of Internet Corpora. The findings can be concluded: (1) The use of across should include at least a tr and a lm, and the lm cannot be covert. (2) The spatial relations across contains could be divided into simple atemporal relation and complex atemporal relation. (3) The tr in some dynamic relation of across sometimes will represent some kind of schema, such as source-path-goal schema.

CONSTITUTIVE EVALUATIVE CONCEPTS IN CRIMINAL LAW: CONCEPT, TYPES, FUNCTIONS, ESSENTIAL FEATURES

The article provides a new classification of evaluative concepts enshrined in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, indicates the purpose of its existence in the doctrine of criminal law. The article describes the definition of constitutive evaluative concepts that are determined as legislatively vague evaluative concepts that, by their normative-essential and functionally-substantive characteristics, are absolute, necessarily alternative, or accompanying structural features of a crime. Through the prism of the features of constitutive evaluative concepts, their varieties, essential features and functions are distinguished; interpretation (including cognitive) meaning is revealed. Moreover, the interpretation features of these evaluative concepts are considered in two interdependent aspects: the structurally-essential (associated with the types, attributes and functions of constitutive evaluative concepts) and the procedural-substantive (associated with the informative and informative activities of the interpreter). It is indicated that the interpretation features of an structurally-essential nature are, firstly, in the composition and criminogenic properties of constitutive evaluative concepts, and secondly, in the semantic structural composition, indicating a meaningful dependence of the evaluative concept on the accompanying structural features of a crime, and thirdly, legally significant functional features. At the same time, interpretative features of a procedural-substantive order are also highlighted, which include, firstly, the need for a paramount definition of the criminogenic determinant, designed to establish the structural features of a crime in a perfect act, and secondly, in an increased degree of normative casuistic derivative of these evaluative concepts. The author comes to the conclusion that constitutive evaluative concepts are interpreted according to the same logical-linguistic and legal laws, but with some marked structurally meaningful features.

SIEGFRIED THE DRAGON SLAYER AS A MODEL OF ACTIVE BEING: UNITY OF MYTH AND PHILOSOPHY ON THE ISSUE OF FREE WILL

The relevance and topicality of the study is determined by the crisis of personal existence, as well as the denoting sociocultural phenomenon of the category that has exhausted its epistemological significance at the historic moment of the “values shift” – the displacement of the classical paradigm by the paradigm of postmodernism and the transformation of traditional society into “open” one (or “consumption society", as one would say now). One of the results of such a global modification of communication strategies and tactics, cognitive practices and even certain stable constructs (such as national concepts, cultural meanings, and stereotypes of psychological and so-cial behavior) was the restoration of the priority of myth (as a form of worldview and a way of transforming the world) and, accordingly, a revival of interest in mythology and the mythological picture of the world. The subject of the study is the syncretic unity of philosophical consciousness and mythological consciousness. The article analyzes the “existential” problem of modern man’s existence, which is solved differently by different philosophical currents, which, however, share one common idea that the “essential” nature of human activity is revealed in a communicative act; the cognitive meaning of the individual’s will is refined and corrected in public discourse. We should agree with an almost axiomatic statement that orientation towards “genuine existence” is conditioned by freedom and independence, as well as by “critical reason”. The paper proves that activity – not in the sense of production, political, creative cultural or other activity, but in the sense of internal readiness for the productive use of human potency for the benefit of both the individual and the collective – is fundamental for such a special (mythological heroic) state of mind. It is stated that the modus of being in modern “anthropological” philosophy is opposed to the modus of possession; in order to “be”, a person must give up self-centeredness and gain his or her independence. The modern man’s freedom of choice is determined by the logic of culture, the institutions of “open” society and the factors of globalization; however, the cultural heritage of the past retains its significance, the “primitive power” of myth fertilizes mass culture, and the typological image of a hero (as immaculate as Siegfried) becomes a temptation for the “alienated” subject of conceiving the world.

The scientific and poetic creativity: knowledge in the culture

This article describes the role of apperception and imagination (scientific and poetic) in scientific and poetic creativity in order to compare with each other. It demonstrates the importance of imagination for scientific creativity and highlights typological features of ideal objects (according to V.S. Stepin) that are common to scientific ideal objects and poetic images. The article discusses the concept of scientific and poetic meaningfulness and scientific and poetic meanings. According to the definition of N.M. Smirnova creativity is understood as the process of creation of new cultural meanings. The scientific imagination is analyzed as a necessary factor of scientific activity. The role of imagination in the apperception of the results of scientific and poetic creativity is demonstrated. It’s shown that in term of phenomenology, human culture appears as the horizon where the meanings circulate as ideal objects of culture. Special attention is paid to the concepts of intersubjectivity of scientific and poetic contents. The reasons and the sources of special reliability of scientific and poetic knowledge are presented. Poetic creativity is considered as a kind of spiritual activity that has cognitive meaning. It’s demonstrated that poetic creativity as well as scientific one has its own object and subject. From this perspective the analysis of poetic seems heuristic for theory of knowledge.

Impressions and affective practice: bringing unity to Bourdieu’s habitus

Despite the key commonalities between the affective and the practical turns, affect is still an underexplored aspect in practice theory. Proposing an analytical distinction between the sociological and the ontological levels of analysis, this article looks into schemes of appraisal as they appear in Bourdieusian practice theory, and highlights how beneath the unity of social conditioning, habitus creates fragmentation between embodied and cognitive meaning. Additionally, it provides a limited and often foggy account of emotions and affectivity. To overcome these challenges, it is argued that practice theory needs to rely on a conceptualisation of subjectivity, which allows for a more holistic and affective meaning making. Doing so draws on Wetherell’s affective practice and Ahmed’s Hume-inspired concept of impression, but also on a variant of practice which works with empirical rather than epistemic individuals. A theory of practice infused with affect overcomes not only the mind-body dualism, but also contributes to reducing the tension between structural and agentic poles.

Use of Spirituality to Make Sense of Loss by Homicide

This article presents a magnification of Stage 2 of the Theory of Post-Homicide Spiritual Change, a three-stage grounded theory of spiritual change after homicide (Theory of PHSC). Having endured the disintegration of their belief systems in the immediate aftermath of murder (Stage 1), survivors turn in Stage 2 to a more extended process of grappling with a crisis of meaning. This Stage 2 process is presented within the framework of the meaning making model, with attention to spiritual meaning making and transcendental experiences. Findings can help service providers support homicide survivors throughout an intermediary stage of bereavement that is marked by a sense of stagnation and diminished well-being. By accompanying survivors through the difficult meaning making efforts that characterize this stage, providers can help position them to break free of intensive cognitive meaning making and gain forward momentum in Stage 3 of the Theory of PHSC and can focus on aspects of life that can help them successfully make meaning of their loss while positioning them to gain forward momentum.

The concept of Samogitianness in the Northern Samogitian dialect

This paper explores semantics and cognitive meaning of concept of Samogitianness in Northern Samogitian dialect. The analysis verifies whether the meaning depends on the distribution within the territory (Samogitia and Aukštaitija), as well. The data for the research was collected by filling in the questionnaires and by recording audio material: Northern Samogitians were surveyed verbally and in written form (the ones who were surveyed verbally were speaking Samogitian, some questionnaires were also filled in Samogitian). The people representing other dialects were surveyed online on www.manoapklausa.lt. The interviewees were asked to answer the given questions without additional thinking. Three separate tables (key signs of Samogitianness for Samogitians; key signs of Samogitianness for non-Samogitians and common one (i. e., cognitive meaning of Samogitian in Lithuanian)) were completed to represent researched data. Cognitive meanings were compared, and actual differences were explained. The main aim of the paper is to reveal the cognitive meanings assigned to the concept of Samogitianness of Northern Samogitians, and representatives of other dialects, and to determine the prototype features of the concept of Samogitian.

Creating a Brand Image through Music

Hauke Egermann explores the influence of music on how consumers imagine the characteristics of a brand. He deals with several psychological mechanisms in order to outline the associative and emotional potential of music and to illustrate how music aids in establishing brand recognition and recall in consumers. Egermann elaborates on how music can create brand attention and affective responses in consumers and affect the cognitive meaning of a brand image. He sums up by arguing for a brand-music communication model that describes three different functions of music in the creation of a brand identity: brand salience, cognitive meaning, and emotional meaning.