scholarly journals Characteristics of Organophosphate Ester Formation during Smoking

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Haruki Shimazu
Keyword(s):  
Gas Phase ◽  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Tributyl Phosphate ◽  
Partition Coefficients ◽  
Vapor Pressures ◽  
Particulate Phase ◽  
Subcooled Liquid ◽  
Air Samples ◽  
Ester Formation ◽  
Correlation Line

This study examines the occurrence of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in cigarettes and sidestream cigarette smoke and to see the OPE formation characteristics during smoking. All seven OPEs in both gas and particulate phases were measured in sidestream cigarette smoke for four brands of cigarettes. Tributyl phosphate (TBP), tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP), tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), and triphenyl phosphate (TPP) were found frequently. Median total OPE increases in the air samples during smoking were 56.2 ng per cigarette for gas-phase OPEs and 2360 ng per cigarette for particulate-phase OPEs. TBP and TCEP could be absorbed to particles in air more readily than alkans as seen from the correlation line between gas–particle partition coefficients (Kp) and the subcooled liquid vapor pressures (PLº) for alkans. Furthermore, TBP was determined in the cigarettes. Median total OPE decreases in the cigarette samples during smoking were 1200 ng per cigarette. The combustion reaction increased TBP and TBEP levels in cigarettes, and particulate-phase TBEP in air appeared to influence the production of TBP, TCEP, and TPP. TBP and TBEP in cigarettes likely affect the production of TBP, TBEP, TCEP, and TPP in air during smoking.

scholarly journals A Trapping System for the Combined Determination of Total HCN and Total Gas Phase Aldehydes in Cigarette Smoke

1973 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
P.F. Collins ◽  
N.M. Sarji ◽  
J.F. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Silica Gel ◽  
Single Port ◽  
Particulate Phase ◽  
Combined Procedure ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Small Tube

AbstractA procedure for the combined determination of total HCN and total gas phase aldehydes in cigarette smoke has been developed which is practical to use for the analysis of relatively large cigarette samples. The smoking system includes a Cambridge pad for collection of the particulate phase and a small tube of silica gel to trap gas phase components, with 5 cigarettes being smoked through each pad and trap. Following smoking, the Cambridge pad and silica gel trap are extracted; the silica gel extract is used for the determination of total gas phase aldehydes and the combined extracts for HCN analysis. Colourimetric procedures, automated through use of the Technicon AutoAnalyser as described previously, are employed for the analysis of the sample extracts. Evaluation of this combined procedure indicates that it yields reliable results for both total HCN and total gas phase aldehydes with greater speed and ease of operation than provided by the previously described methods. The procedure has been applied to various cigarette samples with the relative standard deviation for a single port of 5 cigarettes ranging from 1.9 to 5.5 % for gas phase aldehydes and from 2.6 to 8.4 % for total HCN.

scholarly journals Cigarette Smoke Formation Studies: V. The Effects of the Cigarette Periphery on Mainstream Smoke Formation

1977 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
R.W. Jenkins ◽  
R.T. Bass ◽  
R.H. Newman ◽  
M.K. Chavis
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Gradient ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Combustion Products ◽  
Central Portion ◽  
Mainstream Smoke ◽  
Particulate Phase ◽  
Carbon 14 ◽  
Sidestream Smoke

AbstractThe effects of the cigarette periphery on smoke formation have been experimentally studied. A series of cigarettes was prepared with carbon-14 labelled materials placed in different radial positions within the rods. These cigarettes were smoked and the distribution of the radioactivities into total smoke was measured. These data lead to the following conclusions: [1 ] The periphery plays a large contributing role (though not the sole role) in the formation of a) the mainstream particulate phase, b) sidestream particulate phase (derived from non-distillable/non-sublimable materials), and c) mainstream gas phase (derived from non-distillable/non-sublimable materials) ; [2] The central portion of the cigarette rod plays a large contributing role in a) sidestream gas phase and b) sidestream particulate phase (derived from distillable/sublimable compounds); and [ 3 ] The mainstream gas phase yields from the distillable/sublimable compounds are due in large part to the pyrolysis/combustion products formed during the static burn period. These products are carried into mainstream smoke by the incoming air at the beginning of the puff and by diffusion due to the pressure gradient existing in the cigarette during static burn. These experiments have demonstrated the significant effects that the central portion of the cigarette rod has on sidestream smoke formation and, conversely, the effects of the periphery on mainstream smoke.

scholarly journals A Puff-by-Puff Delivery Model for Cigarettes

2002 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 273-277
Author(s):  
P Chen ◽  
RW Dwyer
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Compounds ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Particulate Phase ◽  
Delivery Model ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Best Fit

AbstractMaterials generated by combustion and pyrolysis in a lit cigarette move through the tobacco rod and filter sections in two phases, the particulate phase and the gas phase. Some particles are removed while moving through the rod and filter sections. The gas-phase materials include the vapor of many volatile compounds. While moving through the rod and filter sections, part of the vapor are removed by adsorption and condensation.In this study, a puff-by-puff delivery model for cigarettes is developed to calculate “tar”, water, and nicotine in smoke on a puff-by-puff basis. A number of parameters can be obtained by the best fit to the experimental results of some cigarettes with different filter lengths. The parameters include the materials generated at the coal for each puff, the particle and vapor removal constants for tobacco rods and filters. The parameters may be useful in understanding some characteristics of cigarette smoke.

scholarly journals Determination of Mercury in Mainstream Cigarette Smoke by Conventional and Amalgamation Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

2001 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 267-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
RL McDaniel ◽  
KM Torrence ◽  
DA Self ◽  
MJ Chang
Keyword(s):  
Atomic Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Atomic Absorption ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Mainstream Smoke ◽  
Particulate Phase ◽  
Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption ◽  
Mainstream Cigarette Smoke

AbstractA method for differentiation of gas- and particulate-phase mercury in mainstream cigarette smoke was developed using electrostatic precipitation (EP) as the trap for the particulate phase and impingers containing acidic potassium permanganate solution as the trap for the gas-phase portion. The mercury collected from the gas phase was analyzed by conventional cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry (CVAAS) and the particulate phase was analyzed by gold amalgamation CVAAS. Cigarettes were smoked under two smoking regimes, FTC (35-mL puff volume, 2 s puff duration and one puff every 60 s) and an alternative (45-mL puff volume, 2 s puff duration, one puff every 30 s and 50% of any ventilation holes blocked) currently recommended by the Massachusetts Department of Health. For the 1R4F reference cigarette smoked under the FTC smoking regime, the mercury found in the particulate phase was less than 0.2 ng/cig, compared with 4.9 ng/cig in the gas phase. By changing smoking parameters, the mercury concentration in mainstream smoke was found to change proportional to the delivery of cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) for the same type of cigarette. However, the mercury level for different types of cigarettes smoked under the same smoking parameters had no linear relationship with CSC delivery. Spiked recovery was 98% AA± 8% for gas-phase mercury and 97% AA± 2% for the particulate phase. These results indicate that the analytical method developed is suitable for the determination of mercury in mainstream smoke. For routine analytical work in a smoking laboratory, only the gas phase needs to be analyzed for determination of mercury in mainstream smoke because the amount of mercury in the particulate phase is negligible.

scholarly journals An Automated Procedure for CO in Cigarette Smoke, Using a 20-Port Syringe Smoking Machine

1973 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
P.F. Collins ◽  
J.F. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Relative Standard Deviation ◽  
Particulate Phase ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Infra Red ◽  
Repeated Analysis

AbstractA procedure for the determination of CO in the gas phase of cigarette smoke has been developed. Cigarettes are smoked on a 20-port syringe-type smoking machine and the gas phase is sampled by a specially designed sampling unit without appreciably affecting the level of particulate phase components or the operation of the smoker. After mixing, the concentration of CO in the gas phase is measured by nondispersive infra-red analysis. All operations are carried out automatically except the initial start-up, calibration of the analyser, and calculation of results. The procedure has been applied to a variety of cigarette brands with results ranging from 1.2 to 2.0 ml of CO per puff. The precision of the procedure was determined by repeated analysis of a standard cigarette over a four-month period. For a single value representing 100 cigarettes, the relative standard deviation was found to be 2.2 % for ml of CO per cigarette and 1.1 % for ml of CO per puff.

scholarly journals Evaluation of atmospheric concentrations of dl-PCBs comparing to PCDD/F compounds in Istanbul, Turkey

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-123
Keyword(s):  
Gas Phase ◽  
Meteorological Factors ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Particle Phase ◽  
Particulate Phase ◽  
Air Samples ◽  
Atmospheric Concentrations ◽  
Homolog Group

<p>In this study, the seasonal variation of atmospheric concentrations of PCDD/F and Dl-PCB and the effect of meteorological factors on concentration were investigated. Ambient air samples were collected monthly between May 2011 and October 2013 by using high volume samplers. Based on these samples, average PCDD/F and dl-PCB concentrations were obtained as 1482 fg/m3 and 4983 fg/m3 respectively. PCDD/F congeners did show seasonal variations. 58% share in total PCDD/Fs belongs to winter season while 4% to summer season. No significant seasonal change has been observed for dl-PCBs. 92% (1397 fg/m3) of PCDD/Fs were detected in particulate phase while 20% (926 fg/m3) of dl-PCBs were found in particulate phase. Strong negative correlations were obtained between all homolog groups and T, UV, SR. Correlation between five-chlorinated dl-PCBs, the most abandoned homolog group, with T, UV and SR generated positive meaningful correlation. No meaningful correlations were observed with other parameters. Correlations with particle phase were found to be more meaningful compared to gas phase for both PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs.</p>

scholarly journals A Standardized Method for the Preparation of a Gas Phase Extract of Cigarette Smoke

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 898-902 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsunehito Higashi ◽  
Yosuke Mai ◽  
Yuichi Mazaki ◽  
Takahiro Horinouchi ◽  
Soichi Miwa
Keyword(s):  
Gas Phase ◽  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Standardized Method

Ciliastatic Components in the Gas Phase of Cigarette Smoke

Science ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 153 (3741) ◽  
pp. 1248-1250 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. R. Walker ◽  
J. E. Kiefer
Keyword(s):  
Gas Phase ◽  
Cigarette Smoke
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