scholarly journals Red Collar Crime

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank S. Perri
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Workplace Violence ◽  
White Collar Crime ◽  
Case Analysis ◽  
White Collar ◽  
Behavioral Risk Factors ◽  
Behavioral Risk ◽  
Professional Groups ◽  
White Collar Offenders ◽  
Offender Profile

<p>Traditional viewpoints held by academic and non-academic professional groups of the white-collar crime offender profile(s) are that they are non-violent. Yet research has begun to unveil a sub-group of white-collar offenders who are violent, referred to as red-collar criminals, in that their motive is to prevent the detection and or disclosure of their fraud schemes through violence. This article is the first to discuss the origin of the red-collar crime concept developed by this author coupled with debunking white-collar offender profile misperceptions that have persisted for decades by offering current research on the anti-social qualities displayed by this offender group that predates their violence. Secondly, the article applies behavioral risk factors, such as narcissism and psychopathy, which contributes to our understanding of why some white-collar offenders may resort to violence while other white-collar offenders do not. Case analysis also draws upon gender distinctions, workplace violence and homicide methods used to illustrate that red-collar criminals are not an anomaly to ignore simply because they may not reflect the street-level homicides typically observed by society, investigated by law enforcement and studied by academia.</p>

Revisiting employee fraud: gender, investigation outcomes and offender motivation

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 447-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Bonny ◽  
Sigi Goode ◽  
David Lacey
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
White Collar Crime ◽  
White Collar ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Male Offenders ◽  
Occupational Fraud ◽  
Background Population ◽  
White Collar Offenders ◽  
Workplace Setting ◽  
Employee Fraud

Purpose – This paper aims to present the findings of a study examining fraud in the workplace setting, principally in the Australasian context. Although prior research into occupational fraud is conceptually rich, there is a lack of empirical evidence of this important but elusive problem. Design/methodology/approach – Based on investigative data from 14 participating firms, the paper provides insights into the gender breakdowns and stated motivations of offenders. The paper also provides evidence of the number of investigations, interviews and reports to law enforcement in these firms. Findings – The study finds that genders are evenly balanced for most firms, with females significantly outnumbering males in banking firms. Self-imposed financial hardship was the most popular motivator. Of the number of admissions to wrongdoing, only half were subsequently reported to law enforcement. Research limitations/implications – Particularly complex or advanced types of occupational fraud may go unreported or undetected: as a result, the figures presented in this study may be incomplete. Reported figures are based largely on historical data provided by respondents, and the authors are unable to report accurate details of the respondent firms. This makes it difficult to determine the frequency of offending against the background population. Practical implications – Investigators should continue to look for changes in the life circumstances of their staff. Such changes will give an indication of instances of staff living beyond their means and the sudden financial pressures that can compel occupational fraud. Instead of trying to supervise staff to an impractical degree, managers and proprietors would be well advised to be alert to the kind of pressures that their staff might experience. Social implications – Social control and detection measures are likely to be easier to implement and less invasive than technical controls. The study provides additional pressure to update traditional conceptualisations of the male white collar offender. While male offenders were responsible for larger losses per case, females were more numerous in the summary offence data. Originality/value – Gaining insights into the problem of employee fraud and white collar crime is difficult. The authors’ contribution in this paper is to provide empirical insights into the makeup of white collar offenders, including insights on gender.

scholarly journals Negative organizational dynamics as enabler of white-collar crime

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-123
Author(s):  
Petter Gottschalk
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
White Collar Crime ◽  
White Collar ◽  
Critical Issue ◽  
Organizational Dynamics ◽  
Social Disorganization Theory ◽  
Differential Association Theory ◽  
Attractive Option ◽  
Downward Spiral ◽  
Neutralization Theory

Policing white-collar crime continues to be a critical issue for law enforcement all over the world. Organizational dynamics is an interesting perspective on white-collar crime. Organizational dynamics can cause a downward spiral, leading to misconduct and crime. During the downward spiral, the tendency to commit white-collar crime increases. It becomes more convenient to commit crime in comparison with alternative actions when crises or opportunities emerge. Convenience theory suggests that white-collar crime can be an attractive option for executives and others in the elite. In this article, negative organizational dynamics is explained by institutional theory, social disorganization theory, slippery slope theory, neutralization theory, and differential association theory.

scholarly journals White-collar crime

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 120-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petter Gottschalk
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Religious Belief ◽  
White Collar Crime ◽  
White Collar ◽  
Religious Organizations ◽  
Deterrent Effect ◽  
Financial Crime ◽  
Delinquent Behaviour ◽  
Neutralization Techniques

Policing religious organizations presents challenging situations. When there is suspicion of financial crime by white-collar criminals, secrecy and trust represent obstacles to law enforcement. This article discusses the lack of detection and neutralization techniques often applied in religious organizations. There may be too much trust, too much freedom, too much individual authority, too little scepticism, too much loyalty and too little control of the financial side in religious organizations. There may be no empirical evidence for the proposition that religion has a deterrent effect on crime, although sociologists and criminologists have long recognized potential links between religious belief and delinquent behaviour.

scholarly journals The problem of, and with, financial crime

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 495-508
Author(s):  
George Gilligan
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
White Collar Crime ◽  
White Collar ◽  
Financial Crime ◽  
Legal Definition ◽  
Short Survey ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approaches ◽  
Definitional Uncertainty ◽  
The Uk

Financial crime is a term that is widely used, but it is a label or category that is bedevilled by definitional uncertainty and this uncertainty impacts upon how it is perceived and acted upon by law enforcement and other regulatory actors. This is perhaps not surprising and echoes many of the difficulties that have plagued efforts to counter white-collar crime. This article considers the definitional and other ambiguities that have permeated debates about both white-collar and financial crime. The analysis draws on a short survey which asked law enforcement and other regulatory actors in Australia and the UK whose responsibilities included countering behaviours that could be viewed as financial crime, what operational definitions of financial crime they employed in the course of their work. Results indicate that definitional uncertainty ensures that there are numerous understandings of what constitutes financial crime and no immediate prospect of a universal legal definition. However, there are some interesting classification developments for financial crime emerging from the business sciences literature and interdisciplinary approaches would seem to offer the most promise for categorising the suite of evolving behaviours that comprise financial crime.

White-Collar Crime

Criminology ◽  
2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sally S. Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Chief Executive Officers ◽  
White Collar Crime ◽  
Chief Executive ◽  
White Collar ◽  
Street Crime ◽  
White Collar Offenders ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Executive Officers

The meaning and definition of white-collar crime is deeply contested. Most criminologists recognize that white-collar crime is different from traditional “street” crime. Disagreements center on the scope of the behavior and who, ultimately, is classified as a white-collar offender. Generally, white-collar crimes are offenses conducted by guile or concealment that involve “upper world” offenders. Broad definitions of white-collar crime can include harmful acts which are not illegal (deviance) to more narrow definitions that are tied exclusively to violations of criminal law. Depending on which definition is used, white-collar offenders may include governments, businesses, chief executive officers, professionals, welfare cheats, and individuals who illegally download software or purposefully underreport income on their taxes.

Between Hackers and White-Collar Offenders

2011 ◽  
pp. 18-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Orly Turgeman-Goldschmidt
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Data ◽  
White Collar Crime ◽  
White Collar ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Computer Crime ◽  
Economic Gain ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
White Collar Offenders

Scholars often view hacking as one category of computer crime, and computer crime as white-collar crime. However, no study to date has examined the extent to which hackers exhibit the same characteristics as white-collar offenders. This chapter looks at empirical data drawn from 54 face-to-face interviews with Israeli hackers, in light of the literature in the field of white-collar offenders, concentrating on their accounts and socio-demographic characteristics. Hackers and white-collar offenders differ significantly in age and in their accounts. White-collar offenders usually act for economic gain; hackers act for fun, curiosity, and opportunities to demonstrate their computer virtuosity. Hackers, in contrast to white-collar offenders, do not deny their responsibility, nor do they tell a “sad tale.”

Women

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Dodge
Keyword(s):  
Unethical Behavior ◽  
Reproductive Medicine ◽  
Corporate Crime ◽  
White Collar Crime ◽  
White Collar ◽  
Female Crime ◽  
Female Offending ◽  
White Collar Offenders ◽  
Elite Deviance ◽  
High Level

Women appear as white-collar offenders with far less frequency than do men, despite a contemporary workplace that offers more opportunities for female crime. High-level corporate positions for women that are conducive to elite deviance, however, remain relatively rare. Research on whether women are committing more white-collar crimes is inconclusive. On the victimization side of the equation, evidence is less equivocal. Both women and men are victimized by white-collar crime, but the nature of victimization is gendered. For some types of fraud, particularly reproductive medicine, women are more likely to be targets for illegal or unethical behavior. Occupational segregation increases the relative victimization risks for men and women in unique ways. This essay provides an in-depth exploration of female offending and victimization in occupational and corporate crime.

scholarly journals White-Collar Crime: The Privileging of Serious Financial Fraud in New Zealand

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 486-506
Author(s):  
Lisa Marriott
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Justice System ◽  
White Collar Crime ◽  
White Collar ◽  
Financial Fraud ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Employment Opportunities ◽  
Using Data ◽  
White Collar Offenders ◽  
Mitigating Factor

Bagaric and Alexander ( 2014 ) argue for fundamental reform of the sentencing process for white-collar offenders in Australia and other jurisdictions. This study has two objectives. First, it challenges Bagaric and Alexander’s proposals. Second, using data from cases prosecuted by the New Zealand Serious Fraud Office, it instead proposes that white-collar offenders should not receive more lenient treatment in the justice system due to the privileged position from which the offending commences. This article suggests that an absence of restitution should be considered an aggravating factor, rather than the presence of restitution viewed as a mitigating factor; as an offender’s good character is often an enabler of the offending, this should not be considered as a mitigating factor and as extra-curial punishments, such as reputation damage or loss of future employment opportunities, are short-term for white-collar offenders, there is little justification for reduced sentences and extra-curial punishments can be viewed as a natural corollary of the offending.

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