scholarly journals WILANÓW WORKS OF ART IN THE GERMAN CATALOGUE SICHERGESTELLTE KUNSTWERKE IM GENERALGOUVERNEMENT

Muzealnictwo ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 60 ◽  
pp. 189-198
Author(s):  
Jarosław Robert Kudelski
Keyword(s):  
Married Couple ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
Cultural Goods ◽  
German Occupation ◽  
Ww Ii ◽  
Private Collection ◽  
Art Works ◽  
The Third Reich ◽  
Charles Le Brun ◽  
Lower Silesia

Before the outbreak of WW II, the works of world art collected at the Wilanów Palace were considered to be the largest private collection in the Polish territories. Just the very collection of painting featured 1.200 exhibits. Apart from them the Wilanów collection contained historic furniture, old coins, textiles, artistic craftsmanship items, drawings, and prints, pottery, glassware, silverware, bronzes, sculptures, as well as mementoes of Polish rulers. Already in the first weeks of the German occupation, assigned officials selected the most precious art works from the Wilanów collections, and included them in the Sichergestellte Kunstwerke im Generalgouvernement Catalogue. The publication presented the most precious cultural goods secured by the Germans in the territory of occupied Poland. It included 76 items: 29 paintings and 47 artistic craftsmanship objects. In 1943, the majority of the works included in the quoted Catalogue were transferred to Cracow. A year later, the most valuable exhibits from Wilanów were evacuated to Lower Silesia. What remained in Cracow was only a part of the collection relocated from Wilanów. The chaos of the last weeks preceding the fall of the Third Reich caused that many art works from the Wilanów collection are considered war losses. Among many objects, included in the above Catalogue, there are several Wilanów paintings: Portrait of a Man by Bartholomeus van der Helst, Portrait of a Married Couple by Pieter Nason, Allegory of Architecture, Painting, and Sculpture by Pompeo Batoni, Allegorical Scene in Landscape by Paris Bordone, and The Assumption of Mary by Charles Le Brun.

scholarly journals Powstanie kawalerii SS Totenkopf i jej rola w niemieckiej polityce okupacyjnej na ziemiach polskich w latach 1939–1941

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 72-88
Author(s):  
Jarosław Dybek ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Third Reich ◽  
Popular Science ◽  
Science Literature ◽  
German Occupation ◽  
The Third ◽  
General Government ◽  
History Of ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
False Image ◽  
The Third Reich

The topic of the article is one of the German SS regiments stationed in occupied Poland and its role in The German occupation policy. While the history of the SS formation is very well known in both academic and popular science literature, its cavalry has not been elaborated in great detail thus far. Although this topic seems interesting, it has not yet been discussed in any book in the Polish language. Most of the literature related to this topic was published in German and English. The 1st SS Death’s Head Cavalry Regiment operated primarily in the General Government and was under the Higher SS and Police Command. Some of its squadrons also operated in areas annexed to the Reich, i.e. the Warta Voievodship (Reichsgau Wartheland). From this article we will learn about the formation of the SS Death’s Head cavalry and its gradual inclusion in the brutal occupation policy of the Third Reich in Poland. In the case of its formation, we are dealing with tasks such as combating the early partisan units, searching for weapons, participating in the creation of ghettos, or helping to eliminate Polish levels of the intelligentsia. Noteworthy is the participation of this unit in the production of the propaganda film “Kampfgeschwader Lützow”, in which Polish cavalrymen were presented attacking German tanks with sabres. This false image was reproduced after the war in some movies or books, and contributed to the distorted presentation of Polish soldiers in the defensive battles of 1939.

Parleying with the Devil

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaj Trifković ◽  
Klaus Schmider
Keyword(s):  
Armed Forces ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
German Occupation ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Third Reich ◽  
Two Sides ◽  
The Devil ◽  
Second World

The Second World War in Yugoslavia is notorious for the brutal struggle between the armed forces of the Third Reich and the communist-led Partisans. Less known is the fact that the two sides negotiated prisoner exchanges virtually since the beginning of the war. Under extraordinary circumstances, these early contacts evolved into a formal exchange agreement, centered on the creation of a neutral zone—quite possibly the only such area in occupied Europe—where prisoners were regularly exchanged until late April 1945, saving thousands of lives. The leadership of both sides used the contacts for secret political talks, for which they were nearly branded as traitors by their superiors in Berlin and Moscow. This book is the first comprehensive analysis of prisoner exchanges and the accompanying contacts between the German occupation authorities and the Yugoslav Partisans. Specifically, the book will argue that prisoner exchange had a decisive influence on the POW policies of both sides and helped reduce the levels of violence for which this theater of war became infamous. It will also show that the contacts, contrary to some claims, did not lead to collusion between these two parties against either other Yugoslav factions or the Western Allies.

Krieg auf Kosten anderer. Wehrmachtfinanzierung in Griechenland während des Zweiten Weltkriegs / War at the Expence of Others Financing the „Wehrmacht“ in Greece during the Second World War

2014 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-59
Author(s):  
Jürgen Kilian
Keyword(s):  
Third Reich ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Third ◽  
Ww Ii ◽  
Greek Economy ◽  
The Third Reich ◽  
The Government ◽  
Second World

Abstract After Greece had been conquered by the troops of the Axis Powers in spring 1941, they installed a rule of occupation existing until october 1944. The Government in Athens had to finance this occupation by making payments in advance and besides, making a forced credit available. This method led to an exorbitant overloading of the Greek economy and to a galloping inflation. The German Tax and Finance Ministry played an important, yet hardly noticed role as to the concrete implementation of the monetary exploitation. Almost unknown documents throw a light on the financing of the German Wehrmacht during WW II. Besides, the real burden on the Greek economy shall be estimated and connected with the general questions of war financing in the Third Reich.

scholarly journals The repositories of the Prussian State Library collection in Lower Silesia during the World War II

1970 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 271-283
Author(s):  
Jarosław Robert Kudelski
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
Cultural Institutions ◽  
World War ◽  
Medieval Manuscripts ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World ◽  
The Third Reich ◽  
State Library ◽  
Lower Silesia

German cultural institutions had been conducting preparations to secure their collections in the event of a war since mid-1930s. The Prussian State Library, the holdings of which included the most precious German manuscripts and prints, was one of those institutions. Air attacks carried out on the capital of the Third Reich triggered the decision to evacuate the collection to Thüringen, Brandenburg, Pomerania and Lower Silesia. Largest deposits had been located in the latter. The unique heritage items stored there included medieval manuscripts, prayer books, music autographs and newspaper yearbooks as well as letters and private documents of many prominent representatives of German culture and art. Those items were evacuated, among other places, to Fürstenstein (Książ) Gießmannsdorf (Gościszów), Gröditzburg (Grodziec), Grüssau (Krzeszów), Fischbach (Karpniki) and Hirschberg (Jelenia Góra). The evacuation was conducted in cooperation with the heritage conservator for Lower Silesia, professor Günther Grundmann. With his assistance, in the course of a few years, a unique collection was created in Lower Silesia. Towards the end of the war the collection was deprived of proper care, as the authorities lacked resources to secure it. This resulted in the destruction of some items during military actions. The remaining parts of the collection had been taken over by Polish officials and were transferred to library collections in Krakow, Warszawa, Olsztyn, Toruń, Lublin and Łódź.

Introduction: The Political Ambiguities of Pius XII

2021 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-13
Author(s):  
Simon Unger-Alvi
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
German History ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
German Occupation ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
The Third Reich ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Cold War

Abstract This collection of essays evaluates the relations between Eugenio Pacelli and Germany from the beginning of his career as a papal nuncio in Munich in 1917 until his pontificate during the wartime and post-war periods. The contributions to this volume do not provide a complete overview of this topic. Instead, they should be understood as case studies on certain aspects of Vatican-German history. At the core of this work are the complexities and ambiguities of papal politics between four political systems from the Kaiserreich to the West German Federal Republic. Ultimately, this volume thus touches upon very diverse subjects ranging from Pacelli’s ‚concordat diplomacy‘ in the Weimar Republic and the Third Reich to his silence during the Holocaust and the German occupation of Italy, the anti-communism of the Cold War, and the Vatican’s path towards reform in the post-war period.

Kina warszawskie: wrzesień–grudzień 1939 roku

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (0) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Author(s):  
Karol Szymański
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
World War ◽  
German Occupation ◽  
General Government ◽  
History Of ◽  
Fire Victims ◽  
The Third Reich ◽  
To Come ◽  
The City

Karol Szymański depicts the history of the Warsaw cinemas and analyzes the cinema repertoire in the particular time from September to December 1939 (that is from the outbreak of World War II, through the defense and the siege of Warsaw, until the first months of the German occupation) taking into account a wider context of living conditions in the capital as well as a changing front and political situation. The author draws attention, among other things, to the rapid decrease in the cinema audience in the first week of September. As a consequence cinemas ceased to work, which made them unable to fulfill their informational or propaganda role and provide the inhabitants of the fighting city with the escapist or uplifting entertainment. During the siege of Warsaw some cinemas changed their functions and became a shelter for several thousand fire victims and refugees, while others were irretrievably destroyed in bombings and fires. In turn, after the capitulation and takeover of the city by the Germans, some of the most representative cinemas which survived (they were entirely expropriated by the administration of the General Government) began to gradually resume their activity from the beginning of November. By the end of 1939 there were already eight reactivated cinemas in Warsaw, including one (Helgoland, former Palladium) intended only for the Germans. These cinemas showed only German films – they were entertaining productions which were well-executed, devoid of explicit propaganda or ideological elements, with the greatest stars of the Third Reich cinema. However, December 1939 brought also the first action of the Polish resistance against German cinemas and cinema audience in Warsaw, which in the years to come developed and became an important element of the civilian fight against the occupant.

scholarly journals Paul von Klenau og hans niende symfoni. Kilderne, værket, receptionen

2014 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 229
Author(s):  
Niels Krabbe
Keyword(s):  
Chamber Music ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
Music History ◽  
Latin Text ◽  
The Third ◽  
Ninth Symphony ◽  
Private Collection ◽  
Liturgical Texts ◽  
The Third Reich ◽  
The One

Niels Krabbe: Paul von Klenau and his ninth Symphony – the sources, the work, the reception In 2001, the Royal Library learned about a comprehensive private collection in Vienna that contained music, letters and lecture manuscripts, photographs and other archive materials of the Danish composer Paul von Klenau (1883–1946). A preliminary survey of the collection revealed that the contents included a number of music manuscripts (symphonies, chamber music concerts and more), which were not known from the rest of the library’s major collection of Klenau works. The collection’s greatest and most interesting work was a major complete “Ninth Symphony” for orchestra, choir and four soloists in eight movements, for a Latin text with a mix of liturgical texts from the Catholic requiem and texts of unknown provenance.In 2005, the library succeeded in acquiring the collection and it was transferred to the Royal Library. Subsequently, the Danish Centre for Music Publication (DCM) organised a philological adaptation and published Symphony No. 9 for the purpose of the premier performance of the work, which duly took place 70 years after it was written, performed as a Thursday Concert in March 2014 and conducted by Michael Schønwandt.Klenau had worked in Germany as a composer and conductor in the 1920s and 1930s. He returned to Denmark in 1939 where he stayed for the rest of his life. Because of his extensive German background he did not receive high recognition in Danish music, despite the range and nature of his musical output. This was mainly because of his relationship with the Third Reich and Nazism, which affected his last years and his posthumous reputation.Symphony No. 9 was composed in the years 1944–45, and is a mix of requiem and a symphony, each in four movements. Due to the text, the work is both a traditional requiem and a requiem about the war. Both in its expression and in its length, it is probably the greatest symphony ever written by a Danish composer.The premier in 2014 received mixed reviews, and Klenau’s attitude to Nazism was discussed once again. The work was criticised for its eclectic character with its mix of late romantic forms of expression on the one side and its accomplished dodecaphonic passages on the other.The newly available Klenau collection from Vienna, including the treated Symphony No. 9, has nuanced and problematised Klenau’s position in Danish music history.

scholarly journals Likovna umetnost v Mariboru v času nemške okupacije 1941–1945

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2021) (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anja Iskra
Keyword(s):  
Third Reich ◽  
Art Exhibitions ◽  
German Occupation ◽  
Archival Material ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Third Reich

The article deals with the organisation of art life in Maribor during the German occupation. Based on archival material, various aspects of the Maribor affiliate of the Graz-based association Comradeship of Styrian Artists and Friends of Art (Kameradschaft Steirischer Künstler und Kunstfreunde) are presented, as well as art exhibitions held in Maribor from 1941 to 1943. The activity of the Maribor affiliate is set in the context of the German occupation policy in Lower Styria, especially in the context of their efforts to Germanise the region and annex it to the Third Reich.

Repressed, Remitted, Rejected

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl Heinz Roth ◽  
Hartmut Rübner
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Federal Republic Of Germany ◽  
World War ◽  
German Occupation ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Third Reich ◽  
Scholarly Discourse ◽  
Second World

Since unification, the Federal Republic of Germany has carried out vaunted efforts to make amends for the crimes of the Third Reich. Yet it remains the case that the demands for restitution by many countries that were occupied during the Second World War are unresolved, and recent demands from Greece and Poland have only reignited old debates. This book reconstructs the German occupation of Poland and Greece and gives a thorough accounting of these debates. Working from the perspective of international law, it deepens the scholarly discourse around the issue, clarifying the ‘never-ending story’ of German reparations policy and making a principled call for further action.

Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Maren Röger
Keyword(s):  
Sex Work ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
German Occupation ◽  
Racial Hierarchy ◽  
German Army ◽  
German Nation ◽  
Sexual Contacts ◽  
Local Residents ◽  
The Third Reich

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the regulation of intimate interactions between the German army —as well as the police and the SS — and the local residents in Polish territory, following the invasion of Poland in September of 1939. The ban on the contact with Poles was based on their lower status in the Nazi racial hierarchy. During the “Third Reich”, the German nation was generally thought of as a biological-racial unit — a racial or ethnic body that has to be kept free of foreign and “inferior” racial influences. This book determines the meaning of this hierarchy for sexual encounters between German occupiers and Polish women, Jewish and Non-Jewish. There was a broad spectrum of sexual contact between German men and local women in the Polish territories: firstly, commercial contacts, i.e. both the occupier-controlled prostitution system and clandestine sex work; secondly, consensual contact, that is the (strictly-speaking banned) German–Polish wartime relationships, entered into varyingly voluntarily; and thirdly, forced contacts and sexual violence, such as rapes and assaults committed by German occupiers. By analyzing these sexual contacts, the book contributes to several fields of research, including the histories of everyday life and of violence during the German occupation, and expands knowledge of racial and ethnic policies.

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