Toxic Blood Hydrogen Cyanide Concentration as a Vital Sign of a Deceased Room Fire Victim—Case Report

Carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen cyanide (HCN) are two common toxic products of combustion. HCN concentrations of fire victims are not routinely determined in most legal medicine services in Romania. We present the case of a room fire victim in which we evaluated the concentrations of HCN and carboxyhemoglobin (COHb), their contribution to the mechanism of death, and the possibility that HCN concentration can be interpreted as vital sign. COHb was determined by spectrophotometry. HCN was spectrophotometrically determined with ninhydrin in postmortem blood samples after its removal with 20% phosphoric acid and uptake into a solution of potassium carbonate. The presence of ethyl alcohol was determined by gas chromatography. The COHb concentration was 6.15%, while the blood HCN concentration was 1.043 µg × mL−1 and the total HCN was 1.904 µg × ml−1. A blood alcohol content of 4.36 g‰ and a urine alcohol content of 5.88 g‰ were also found. Although the fire produced a considerable amount of soot, and there were signs of inhalation of soot particles, the COHb level cannot be interpreted as a vital sign. Toxic concentrations of HCN and total HCN can be interpreted as a vital sign and indicates a contributive effect of HCN in the mechanism of death.

The Socio-Economic Impacts After Relocation of Pasar Panjang Traders to the Wua-Wua Central Market Kendari City

This study aims to determine the process of relocation of the Pasar Panjang traders to the Central Market of Wua-Wua Kendari City and to determine the impact caused after the relocation. This research uses a qualitative approach, where data is collected through observation, interview, and documentation techniques. The results of this study indicate that the relocation of Pasar Panjang traders to the Wua-Wua Central Market of Kendari City is intended for fire victims. The government provides approximately 1,200 stalls with adequate facilities. The impact caused by the relocation of the Pasar Panjang traders to the Central Market of Wua-Wua, Kendari City, includes social impacts, namely the interaction between traders is well established, some locations are not given much attention to cleanliness. While the economic impact of the lack of merchant income due to lack of visitors, most traders take capital in the bank to open a business so they do not have savings, the volume of business traders to decline.

The Psychological Capital and Anxiety Felt by Post-Market Fire Disaster Victims

Introduction: Traditional markets are a financial resource for traders. Fire disasters at the traditional markets will have a bad effect in terms of generating both financial and psychological problems. There is a lack of studies about the psychological problems experienced by traditional market fire victims. The aim of this study is to identify the correlation of psychological capital (hope, self-efficacy, resilience, and optimism) with the anxiety level among the victims of market fire disasters in Central Jakarta.Methods: This study used a cross-sectional approach with a non-probability sampling method. This study involved 174 market fire victims from Central Jakarta. The independent variables were psychological capital, which includes hope, self-efficacy, resilience, and optimism. The dependent variable was anxiety level. The instruments used the Hope scale, the General Self Efficacy scale, The 14-item Resilience scale (RS-14), the Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R) scale and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale. The data analysis used an Independent T-Test, Chi-Square, and multiple logistic regression prediction modeling.Results: The more kiosks burned, the more that the informant’s anxiety increased by about4.845 times after applying a control factor of self-efficacy and optimism with a Wald value of 23.146.Conclusion: Psychological capital (self-efficacy and optimism) have a significant correlation with anxiety in the market fire disaster victims. Good self-efficacy and optimism can reduce the level of anxiety felt. This study highlighted that psychological capital is a part of the disaster assessment as the basis for providing disaster nursing interventions.

SOCIALIZATION OF FIRE MITIGATION IN DENSELY POPULATED AREA AT JATI SAMPURNA, BEKASI

During the first quarter of 2019, from January to March 2019 there were 45 fire incidents in the city of Bekasi with losses ranging from Rp. 2,365,000,000 (based on data from the Bekasi City fire dept Service). From 45 events in the city of Bekasi, 3 of them occurred in Jatisampurna sub-district. Based on the type of object 45 events 15 of which are residential houses.With the data above, it can be said that the risk of fire can cause material and immaterial losses and can also cause trauma to fire victims. The importance of knowledge and information on fire hazard mitigation and how mitigation measures against fire hazards need to be conveyed to people who live in densely populated areas where the risk of fire is quite large. Laws or regulations on fire are not yet widely owned by most regions, so there are no special rules that can be covered in relation to fire risk.

Characteristics of postural balance in older female fire victims

Relevance.Compared with economically developed countries, Russia has a high risk of fires. In 2005–2017 in (175.8 ± 9.0) thousand fires were reported in Russia annually, with (81.1 ± 5.3) thousand people rescued, (12.6 ± 0.9) thousand died and (12.1 ± 0.4) thousand injured. The average annual direct damage from fires was (13.4 ± 1.1) billion rubles. The experienced extreme and emergency situations have a particularly significant impact on the functional status and health of an older person.Intention.The purpose of this work is to identify the features of the components of postural balance in older women who have survived a fire.Methodology.94 women aged 60–69 years were examined. The study group included women who, as a result of the fire, lost (in part or in full) their possessions and housing (fire victims). The comparison group randomly included women without any extreme situations (fire hazard, crime, road traffic, as well as the death of close relatives) over the past two years. To assess the quality of the equilibrium function, posture control strategy and sensory organization of postural control, we conducted the Sensory Organization Test (SOT) of the computer dynamic posturographic complex Smart Equitest Balance Manager.Results and discussion.Based on the SOT analysis, it was found that stressful situations associated with extreme or emergency situations experienced by older women influence the components of their postural balance. These changes included a decrease in the quality of the equilibrium function in functional tests 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 for fire victims; a decrease in the postural strategy in tests 5 and 6; a decrease in the resulting assessments of both the quality of the equilibrium function and the strategies for maintaining the posture of the entire SOT, as well as the degree of participation of vestibular information in the balance control.Conclusions.In female fire victims, the components of postural control change: the quality of the equilibrium function decreases, the strategy of maintaining posture deteriorates.

ANALISIS PERSENTASE PENAMBAHAN PUPUK KANDANG (Kotoran Sapi) DAN LIMBAH TAHU DALAM PEMBUATAN BIOGAS

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui presentase penambahan Kotoran Sapi (kotoran sapi) dan limbah tahu yang tepat dalam pembuatan biogas. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode eksperimental dengan percobaan laboratorium. data hasil penelitian diolah dengan analisis keragaman (analisys of variance) pada taraf 5 % dan jika ada perlakuan yang berpengaruh secara nyata, dilanjutkan dengan uji BNT pada taraf 5 %. Perlakuan yang terbaik diperoleh pada perlakuan K1 dengan persentase campuran (Air 1,5 L + Limbah Tahu 1,5 kg + Kotoran Sapi 1 kg), yaitu, jumlah waktu pembentukan gas pada hari ke 3, jumlah gas yang dihasilkan 52,15 mm3, nilai pH 6,28, nilai suhu 30.97 oC dan nilai tekanan 100,32 Pa.This study aims to to know the percentage the addition of cow dung ( dirt cattle ) and waste know proper in the manufacture of biogas . The data the results of the study that it is processed from the analysis the diversity of ( analisys of variance ) the first 5 % and if there is a of being treated with influence significantly , when top flight sides enter by test bnt the first 5 %. Of being treated with best obtained the fire victims in k1 treatment being handed out with the percentage of a mixture of ( water 1,5 l + any type of waste you know 1,5 kg + you have cow manure 1 kg ) , pt pgn promised to supply , the amount of time the formation of gas on the th day of 3 , the amount of a gas that is produced 52,15 mm3 , ph values 6,28 , the value of the temperature of 30.97 oc network and value of pressure 100,32 pa.

Study of Carbon Monoxide Intoxication in Fire Victimis

Carbon monoxide poisoning is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity of toxic origin in the world. Its insidious and polymorphic symptomatology makes it difficult to diagnose. It occurs accidentally, because of non-supervised domestic fires, or in fire victims. In fire victims, in particular, the differential diagnosis between carbon monoxide gas poisoning, inhalation of other toxic products of combustion like cyanide, oxygen deprivation, thermal burns and shock due to burns as a cause of death is not an easy task. The authors examined 107 fire victims that were autopsied at the Forensic Medicine from Iasi, Romania, in the last 10 years (2007-2016). Most cases were males (69.16%), young (0-9 years) or older than 60 with a burned surface of 91-100% in 68.22% of cases. Blood samples from the cadavers were collected in all cases in order to analyse carboxyhaemoglobin concentration and haemolysis. Toxicological analysis revealed a carboxyhaemoglobin level of maximum 95% but the majority of cases (70.72%) had a concentration inferior to 50%. An inverse correlation was identified between carboxyhaemoglobin concentration and haemolysis, an indicator of heat dissociation. Our study proves that many fire victims may die because of carbon monoxide intoxication prior to the extent of burns at a lethal potential.