Prohibited Press in the Central State Bookshop in 1919–1940

This article analyses the issues of collecting and storing illegal publications and those confiscated by censorship authorities in the Central State Bookshop. It describes the structure of the military and other general censorship institutions, which sent the prohibited press to the Central State Bookshop. The aim of the study is to establish the approximate date of commencement of the activities of the department that stored confiscated by censorship or illegally issued publications, and several lists of publications prohibited by censorship and transmitted by the CSB are discussed. It is worth noting that until the 1940s, libraries were also called bookshops. In 1936, after the promulgation of the Law on Public Libraries, the Central State Bookshop became the Central State Library, and its departments became state public libraries. Between 1919–1922, under the management of Eduardas Volteris, the collection and storage of illegal and censored publications at the Central State Bookshop became a matter of interest. The legal deposit was the key and constant source of acquisition of the collections of the Central State Bookshop. In 1919 and 1935, the press laws stipulated how many mandatory copies had to be delivered to county governors or simply to state institutions. However, illegal and confiscated publications were not included in the legal deposit. The main aim of the library was to collect and store all publications published in Lithuania and by Lithuanian publishers abroad. Therefore, it was important for the library to compile a complete set of the current press. To obtain prohibited titles, the library cooperated with the structural units of the Ministry of National Defense and the Ministry of the Interior responsible for the supervision of the press. In various historical periods, unequal attention was paid to the compilation of censorship-restricted press in the Central State Bookshop. Until the 1930s, there was an intensive correspondence between war censors and the Press and Societies Division of the Department of Civil Protection about sending and collecting prohibited press in the Central State Bookstore. During c. 1920–1921, illegal and confiscated publications began to be collected in a separate office called the “secret division”. In the 1940s, censorship institutions sent lists of prohibited press of various volumes to the library. After reviewing the publications on these lists, no signs of censorship could be found. Records of censorship office provenances and censorship officers were found in individual publications that were not included in the lists of prohibited books. Although the publications confiscated by censorship authorities were stored in the library of the University of Lithuania, and in the library of Vytautas Magnus University since 1930, CSB was the only library in the interwar period in which special attention was paid to the issues of collecting prohibited press. Use of the prohibited press was restricted. These titles were not open to general public; only employees of ministries and members of the Seimas could read it. The prohibited press could serve scientific research and press statistics.

J. ZALEWSKI’S ACTIVITY AS DIRECTOR OF THE CENTRAL POLISH STATE LIBRARY IN KIEV IN1925–1931

The purpose of the article is an attempt to discover and analyze the activity of J. А. Zalewski (1894–?) аs director of the Central Polish State Library in Kiev in 1925–1931, on the background of the development of the main components of its functioning, to characterize the main achievements of his personal contribution as a director of the library in connection with the formation of the book collection as one of the leading library institutions in the city. In his scientific work the author has widely used historical-comparative, historical-genetic, statistical, chronological, biographical methods of research, the method of diachronic analysis, etc. The article analyzes the main socio-cultural factors of the development of the Central Polish State Library in Kiev, the dynamics of the main library components of its work and the main directions and achievements of book collections under the direction of J. А. Zalevsky during the specified period. Against the background of the characteristics of J. А. Zalevsky’s activity as a library director, the growth of book collections, composition and range of library readers, their reading interests, as well as the dynamics of the main library activity indicators of book collections under the direction of J. А. Zalevsky were investigated. The main directions of the work of J. А. Zalevsky as director of book collections and the sphere of the most important tasks of the library during the studied period are identified and characterized. The importance of activity of J. А. Zalevsky as a director of the library through the prism of the main tendencies of its development is analyzed. It was found that the sustainable development and successful activity of the Central Polish State Library in Kiev under of the direction J. А. Zalewski in 1925–1931 were limited by the shortcomings of the material and technical base, lack of funds, lack of systematic acquisition of books in Polish language, insufficient the number of publications published in Polish on the territory of the country, as well as political and socio-cultural factors of the country’s social life in the conditions of strengthening of the state totalitarian regime of the party bureaucracy and the curtailment of gender roots of rooting, ”which began at the turn of the 1920s‑1930s. However, thanks to J. Zalewski’s leadership, despite all the obstacles and objective difficulties, the work of the Central Polish State Library in Kyiv during the second half of the 1920s evolved steadily. Slowly, the bookstore was transformed into a cultural, educational, scientific and organizational-methodical center, which provided not only ordinary readers but also many experts who studied the history and culture of the Polish and Ukrainian peoples with the necessary information sources and bibliographic materials. Under the guidance of J. Zalewski of the Central Polish State Library in Kiev actively carried out cultural-educational,cultural-mass, educational and scientific-bibliographic work, in particular in book collections organized classes with graduate students, held certain measures to improve the skills of library staff of Polish libraries, organized exhibitions, lectures, creative evenings, exchange of library experience and more. Under the pretext of J. Zalewski, employees of the Central Polish State Library in Kiev carried out extensive organizational and methodological work; created Polish mobile libraries serving the Polish population in remote regions of the country; helped to organize new Polish departments at district book collections in many cities of Ukraine. It was at the turn of the 1920s‑1930s, when the institution was headed by J. Zalewski, that the greatest growth rate of development of the Central Polish State Library in Kiev was observed, when a certain network of Polish libraries, reading rooms and clubs was almost formed in the Ukrainian SSR.

Psychological Characteristics of Information Workers

В статье выявляется психологическая специфика труда информационного типа, отличающая его от объектного и субъектного типов структурно-функциональной организацией деятельности. Актуальность исследования обусловлена противоречием между наличием класса специфических форм профессиональной деятельности, основанных на применении различного рода программных продуктов и телекоммуникационных технологий, включающим специальности информационного типа (программист, IT-специалист, специалист по анализу больших данных, специалист по облачным сервисам, разработчик интеллектуальных систем, оператор банковской сферы, бизнес-аналитик, экономист-кибернетик и др.), и фрагментарностью исследований особенностей психических процессов, свойств, состояний субъектов труда в данных профессиях. Исследования конкретной психологической специфики субъектов труда в профессиях информационного типа до настоящего времени встречаются относительно редко, а их результаты остаются разрозненными. Цель исследования состояла в систематизации и обобщении психологических особенностей субъектов труда в указанных профессиях. Ключевым методом исследования являлся анализ научной литературы по рассмотрению теоретического и эмпирического изучения психических процессов, состояний и свойств субъектов труда в профессиях информационного типа. Доказательную базу исследования составили научные публикации, размещенные в таких русскоязычных базах данных, как Elibrary, электронные ресурсы Российской государственной библиотеки, сайт Высшей аттестационной комиссии, сайты ведущих российских вузов. В результате сравнения, систематизации и обобщения разнородных психологических характеристик представителей профессий информационного типа была описана структурно-функциональная организация деятельности информационного характера и выделены обобщенные психологические особенности субъектов труда в профессиях информационного типа, проявляющиеся в различных сферах психики: когнитивной, потребностно-мотивационной и ценностно-смысловой, коммуникативной, эмоционально-волевой и отвечающей за социальное взаимодействие. Полученные и представленные в статье результаты определяют перспективы и необходимость более широких психологических исследований специфики субъектов труда профессий информационного типа, сфокусированных на выявленных проблемных зонах. The article analyzes unique psychological characterises of information work which make it different from objective and subjective dimensions of work. The relevance of the research is accounted for by the fact that even though there are specific forms of professional activities which involve the application of software products and telecommunication technologies (programmer, IT-specialist, data analyst, cloud infrastructure specialist, intelligent system developer, proof operator, business analyst, cyber economist, etc.), the psychological processes underlying information workers’ performance characteristics are underinvestigated. There is a paucity of research dedicated to the investigation of psychological processes that impact the performance of information workers. Moreover, there is a rather inconsistent set of results. The aim of the article is to systematize and generalize the psychological peculiarities of information workers. The key method of investigation is research analysis, theoretical and empirical investigation of psychological processes underlying information workers’ performance. The article is based on research published in Russian full-text databases, such as eLibrary, electronic resources of the Russian State Library, the site of the Higher Attestation Commission, sites of leading Russian universities. The authors compare, systematize and generalize various psychological characteristics of information workers, they describe the structure and functions of information work, they single out general psychological processes underlying information workers’ cognitive, value-related, motivational, volitional, communicative performance and social interaction. The results of the research open up diverse avenues for further research and underline the necessity to scrutinize the problems related to information workers’ performance.

On Colloquial Phenomena in the Language of the Monument of Church Slavonic Writing of the 15th Century (Based on the Material of the Torment of Paraskeva Friday)

The author’s earlier linguistic and textual analysis of collections containing readings on particularly revered memorable dates and the lives of the most revered saints revealed the manuscript Festal Menaion and Chrysostom from the collection of Tikhonravov No. 185 (from the collection of the Russian State Library) as containing unique information about the Church Slavonic language of the 15th century. This time, as traditionally considered, is a clear indicator of the second South Slavic influence, but evidence of this influence (according to the collection) was not in the Word on the Council of the archangel Michael and Gabriel, the author of which was Clement of Ohrid. There were obvious colloquial elements, but the colloquial (common) facts of the Russian language are especially clearly recorded in another monument of this collection – in the Torment of Paraskeva Friday. In this article, this text is analyzed in comparison with the texts presented in the Great Menaion Reader of the SVT. St. Demetrius of Rostov and in the collection of the 15th century from the Collection of the Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius. The author defines the broad and narrow contexts of the study. The first is connected with the Church Slavonic problems (language, writing), the second with the 15th century, the time when the so-called ‘second South Slavic influence’ was fully manifested. Church Slavonic itself is not a scientific term, although it emerged from a scientific tradition. We can define what the Russian language is by referring to ethnic and geographical boundaries, cultural and spiritual traditions, historical certainty, and keeping in mind, which is very important for the language, its ‘functional side’. It is impossible to evaluate the Church Slavonic language from these positions. Russian is a language that has developed different principles of development, and in relation to the Russian language, the Church Slavonic language appears to be as much an independent unit (a separate scientific ‘subject’) as the dialect language, which was the subject of lively discussions in its time, or the Russian spoken language, which occupies a strong position in the niche of the Russian language to this day. The Church Slavonic language is ultimately the desired object of Slavistic research, and the way to determine its structure and functional status lies through the analysis of specific written sources. The conclusions about the ‘colloquial’ (‘simple’, perhaps common) Church Slavonic language of the Torment of Paraskeva Friday according to the list of Thn-185 are quite obvious, the language of the monument according to this list destroys the myth of the so-called ‘second South Slavic influence’. The analysis allows us to take a new look at what we call the Church Slavonic language, to understand that the Church Slavonic language is still an unidentified linguistic object, rather than a philological one, because this language cannot be separated from the text. The text is the environment in which it exists. Linguistics has adopted the tools of linguistic analysis, which since ancient times served philological purposes, it is already presented in the ΤνΝη γραμματική of Dionysius of Thrace, but it did not serve to describe and understand language as such, the main task of grammatics was considered to be the evaluation of the work, “what is the best of all that grammar does”. This helps in the qualification of what is written in the Church Slavonic language: it should not only contain the traditional forms and vocabulary of this language (also with the traditional permissibility of innovations), but also have a functional correlation, correspond to the sphere of existence of Church Slavonic texts.

Vadim Duda, Director General of the Russian State Library, joins the Executive Committee of CENL

Vadim Duda, Director General of the Russian State Library, joins the Executive Committee of CENL

"I am at your disposal": a letter from Karl Lamprecht to Nikolai Kareev, 1914

В публикации реконструируется малоизвестная часть биографии Н.И. Кареева (1850–1931), связанная с пятинедельным пребыванием на территории Германии в на-чале Первой мировой войны. В центре публикации – письмо К. Лампрехта Н.И. Карееву, написанное в июле 1914 г. и выявленное в Научно-исследовательском отделе рукописей РГБ. Поводом к написанию письма для Н.И. Кареева стало обращение за помощью в содействии/протекции по вопросу возвращения на родину. Письмо вносит дополнительные ноты в изучение роли личных контактов ученых. Публикуется оригинал письма и перевод текста с немецкого языка. This article reconstructs a little-known part of the biography of Nikolay I. Kareev (1850-1931), associated with a five-week stay in Germany at the beginning of the First World War.. In the center of the publication is a letter from Karl Lamprecht to Nikolay Kareev, written in July 1914 and identified in the Research Department of Manuscripts of the Russian State Library. The reason for writing a letter to Kareev was to ask for help in promoting / protecting the issue of returning to the homeland. The letter adds additional notes to the study of the role of personal contacts of scientists and should be taken into account when reconstructing the scientific biography of Russian and German professors. The original letter and the translation of the text from the German language are published.

“We are familiar with your level of competence in historiography” The correspondence from Henri See to Nikolay Kareev in 1930-1931

В статье рассматривается переписка Николая Ивановича Кареева с французским историком Анри Сэ, материалы которой отложились в Научно-исследовательском отделе рукописей Российской государственной библиотеки. Они представляют собой письма, полученные Н.И. Кареевым от А. Сэ в 1930–1931 гг., в которых обсуждалась подготовка одной из его последних работ – статьи для французского научного издания «Revue d’histoire moderne». The article deals with the epistolary materials of Russian historian Nikolay Kareev which were found in the Manuscript Department of the Russian State Library. Materials consist of the letters that N. Kareev received from French historian Henri Sée in 1930-1931. Historians discussed the preparation of N. Kareev’s last article which was specially written for the “Revue d’histoire moderne” in 1930. The letters complement the part of N. Kareev’s scientific biography concerning his scientific contacts with French historians and his publishing activity in 1930-1931. The documents were found in the Manuscript Department of the Russian State Library and prepared for publication by V.V. Sliskova.

On the History of Old Believer in Lithuania in 19th Century: Rimkai Old Believer Church Assembly in 1856 and its Resolutions

The history of Old Believers in Lithuania in the 19th century is insufficiently studied. Well, we know the main centers, events and names of the most important figures, the key moments in the history of the Old Believer society are identified. But there are any generalizing monographs in this field and now the main task is to accumulate empirical material and try to put them in a future common historical narrative. The Old Believer community of Rimkai is one of the oldest in the central part of present-day Lithuania. In 1856 an Old Believers’ church assembly was held in the village of Rimkai. This assembly has so far been unknown in historiography, so this is the first time information about the meeting is being introduced into scientific circulation. The resolutions of the assembly are preserved in the only manuscript, which i s now held at the Russian State Library as part of E. V. Barsov’s collection no. 1025. The resolutions consist of 33 articles discussing the Old Believers’ iconolatry as well as regulation of ritual and everyday norms of behaviour applicable to both church leaders and ordinary parishioners. The documents were signed by 13 Old Believers’ spiritual fathers and monks from Lithuania and East Prussia. This study contains a diplomatic edition of Rimkai resolutions too. The text of the document is supplemented by historical commentary and source analysis.

The Life of the Reverent Stephan Makhrishchsky: on the Question of the Short Version of the Work

В статье представлен результат текстологического исследования списков Краткой и Минейной редакций Жития прп. Стефана Махрищского. Уточняется датировка рукописи из собр. В. М. Ундольского № 235 (Отдел рукописей Российской государственной библиотеки), приводятся памяти русских святых и дни преставления князей, встречающиеся в святцах. Исследователь приходит к выводу, что составитель Краткой редакции произведения в качестве источника использует Минейную редакцию Жития. Значительно сокращается состав памятника. Новых сюжетов в текст не вводится. Незначительно редактируется лексика и синтаксические конструкции, что свидетельствует об устойчивой системе церковнославянского языка. The article represents the result of a textological study of the lists of the Brief and Mineyna versions of the Life of St. Stephan Makhrishchsky. The dating of the MS 235 by Undolsky (Russian State Library) is specified, the memory days of Russian saints and the dates of death of princes, which are found in the calendar, are provided. The researcher comes to the conclusion that the compiler of the Brief version of the Works uses the Minea version of the Life as a source. The composition of the life story is significantly reduced. New plots are not introduced into the text. The vocabulary and syntactic constructions are slightly edited, thus demonstrating the stable systemic Slavonic language.